Couvillon P A, Bitterman M E
J Comp Psychol. 1984 Mar;98(1):100-9.
In three experiments with free-flying honeybees, the previously discovered overlearning-extinction effect was replicated under different conditions and shown to depend on magnitude of reinforcement: The effect appeared in training with a 50% sucrose solution but not with a 20% solution. The results prompted a fourth experiment in which successive negative contrast was demonstrated: The animals were disturbed to find the 20% solution on a distinctive target that always before had been baited with the 50% solution. The conclusion is that the overlearning-extinction effect is an instance of contrast and can be understood in terms of frustration engendered by unrealized anticipation of reinforcement.
在三项针对自由飞行蜜蜂的实验中，先前发现的过度学习-消退效应在不同条件下得到了重现，并表明其取决于强化的程度：该效应在使用50%蔗糖溶液的训练中出现，但在使用20%溶液的训练中未出现。这些结果促使进行了第四项实验，其中证明了连续负对比：当动物们在一个之前总是用50%溶液诱饵的独特目标上发现20%溶液时，它们感到不安。结论是，过度学习-消退效应是对比的一个实例，可以从未实现的强化预期所产生的挫折感角度来理解。
