Smetana J G, Kelly M, Twentyman C T
Child Dev. 1984 Feb;55(1):277-87.
The effect of child maltreatment on children's social-cognitive development was examined by investigating abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated children's judgments regarding the permissibility of social-conventional and moral transgressions pertaining to physical harm, psychological distress, and the unfair distribution of resources. Abused and neglected children and a control group of nonmaltreated children matched on IQ, age, and social class judged the seriousness, deserved punishment, generalizability, and rule contingency of familiar transgressions for themselves and others. Abused subjects were more likely than neglected subjects to consider psychological distress to be universally wrong for others; neglected subjects were more likely than abused subjects to judge the unfair distribution of resources to be universally wrong for themselves. Abused and control children, but not neglected children, judged all transgressions to deserve more punishment when committed by others than when committed by the self. All children distinguished between morality and social convention and between different types of moral transgressions on all 4 criteria. Furthermore, all children were more egocentric in their judgments for the self than for others. These findings are discussed in relation to research on the effects of child maltreatment and on moral judgment.
通过调查受虐待、被忽视和未受虐待儿童对与身体伤害、心理困扰及资源不公平分配相关的社会常规和道德违规行为的可允许性判断，研究了儿童虐待对儿童社会认知发展的影响。受虐待和被忽视儿童以及一组在智商、年龄和社会阶层上匹配的未受虐待儿童对照组，对自己和他人熟悉的违规行为的严重性、应得惩罚、普遍性和规则偶然性进行了判断。与被忽视的儿童相比，受虐待的儿童更有可能认为心理困扰对他人来说在任何情况下都是错误的；与受虐待的儿童相比，被忽视的儿童更有可能认为资源的不公平分配对自己来说在任何情况下都是错误的。受虐待儿童和对照组儿童（而非被忽视儿童）认为，所有违规行为由他人实施时比由自己实施时应受到更严厉的惩罚。所有儿童在所有四个标准上都区分了道德与社会常规以及不同类型的道德违规行为。此外，所有儿童在对自己的判断中比在对他人的判断中更以自我为中心。结合关于儿童虐待影响和道德判断的研究对这些发现进行了讨论。
