Bugental D B, Shennum W A
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1984;49(1):1-79.
A transactional model of adult-child interaction was proposed and tested. In determining the effects that caregivers and children have on each other, it was maintained that adult attributions act as important moderators in the interaction process. Specifically, it was predicted that adult beliefs about the causes of caregiving outcomes act as selective filters or sensitizers to child behavior--determining the nature and amount of adult reaction to different child behaviors. It was further predicted that adult attributions act in a self-fulfilling fashion, that is, the communication patterns that follow from caregiver beliefs act to elicit child behavior patterns that maintain those beliefs. In a synthetic family strategy, elementary-school-aged boys were paired with unrelated mothers (N = 96) for videotaped interactions. Children were either trained or preselected on two orthogonal dimensions: responsiveness and assertiveness. Mothers were premeasured on their self-perceived power as caregivers (S+) and the social power they attributed to children (C+). Videotapes were analyzed separately for adult facial expression and posture, voice intonation, and verbal communication. Each of these behavioral dimensions was measured on the dimensions of affect, assertion, and "maternal quality" (e.g., baby-talk). We expected low self-perceived power to sensitize the adult to variations in child responsiveness and high child-attributed power to sensitize the adult to variations in child assertiveness. Two transactional sequences were obtained (the same patterns were obtained for acted and dispositional enactments of child behavior): 1. Low S+ mothers (in comparison with high S+ mothers) were selectively reactive to child unresponsiveness. These adults reacted to unresponsive children with a communication pattern characterized by a "maternal" quality, negative affect, and positive affect that was unassertively inflected. Unresponsive children, in turn, reacted to low S+ mothers with continued unresponsiveness. 2. High C+ mothers (in contrast to low C+ mothers) were selectively reactive to child unassertiveness. These adults reacted to shy children with a "maternal," strong, and affectively positive communication style. Unassertive children, in turn, reacted to high C+ mothers with increased assertiveness. High S+ and low C+ mothers demonstrated no significant alterations in their behavior as a function of child behavior. This nonreactivity had positive consequences for child unresponsiveness (reduced) and negative consequences for child unassertiveness (maintained).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
提出并检验了一种成人与儿童互动的交互模型。在确定照顾者和儿童对彼此的影响时，研究认为成人的归因在互动过程中起着重要的调节作用。具体而言，研究预测成人对照顾结果原因的信念会作为对儿童行为的选择性过滤器或敏感因素——决定成人对不同儿童行为的反应性质和程度。进一步预测成人的归因会以自我实现的方式起作用，也就是说，照顾者信念所产生的沟通模式会引发儿童的行为模式，从而维持这些信念。在一项综合家庭策略中，小学年龄段的男孩与不相关的母亲（N = 96）配对进行录像互动。儿童在两个正交维度上接受训练或预先筛选：反应性和 assertiveness（此处未明确中文对应准确词汇，可暂译为“主动性”）。母亲们预先测量了她们作为照顾者的自我感知权力（S+）以及她们赋予儿童的社会权力（C+）。分别对录像带进行分析，以观察成人的面部表情、姿势、语调以及言语交流。这些行为维度中的每一个都在情感、assertion（此处未明确中文对应准确词汇，可暂译为“主动性表达”）和“母亲特质”（例如儿语）等维度上进行测量。我们预期低自我感知权力会使成人对儿童反应性的变化敏感，而高儿童赋予权力会使成人对儿童主动性的变化敏感。得到了两个交互序列（对于儿童行为的表现性和倾向性表现都得到了相同的模式）：1. 低 S+ 的母亲（与高 S+ 的母亲相比）对儿童的无反应具有选择性反应。这些成人对无反应的儿童的反应是一种以“母亲特质”、消极情感和不具攻击性的积极情感为特征的沟通模式。反过来，无反应的儿童对低 S+ 的母亲继续保持无反应。2. 高 C+ 的母亲（与低 C+ 的母亲相比）对儿童的不主动具有选择性反应。这些成人对害羞的儿童的反应是一种“母亲特质”、强烈且情感积极的沟通方式。反过来，不主动的儿童对高 C+ 的母亲的反应是主动性增加。高 S+ 和低 C+ 的母亲在其行为上并未表现出因儿童行为而产生的显著变化。这种无反应对儿童的无反应有积极影响（减少），而对儿童的不主动有消极影响（维持）。（摘要截断于 400 字）
