An introduction to disaster: some considerations of a psychological nature.

This paper provides a review of the literature dealing with the psychological reactions of individuals and groups to disaster. The paper was intended for use by a broad readership and serves both as an introduction to the field as well as a resource document for workers already engaged in disaster planning and training. Characteristic stages of human response to disaster situations are discussed as well as the specific immediate reactions of individuals and groups. Phenomena such as "scapegoating," long-term reactions, reactions of rescue and relief personnel, psychological first aid, and disaster planning, are among the other topics examined.