Whitley B E
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983 Apr;44(4):765-78. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.44.4.765.
Research on the relation between sex role orientation and psychological well-being has been guided by one of three models. The traditional congruence model holds that psychological well-being is fostered only when one's sex role orientation is congruent with one's gender; the androgyny model proposes that well-being is maximized when one's sex role orientation incorporates a high degree of both masculinity and femininity regardless of one's gender; the masculinity model posits that well-being is a function of the extent to which one has a masculine sex role orientation. The adequacy of these three models was tested by means of a meta-analysis of 35 studies of the relation between sex role orientation and self-esteem, the indicator of psychological well-being most widely used in sex role studies. The results of the meta-analysis were most supportive of the masculinity model and showed that the strength of observed relations between sex role orientation and self-esteem varied as a function of both the sex role measure and the type of self-esteem measure used in the studies. In addition, a number of methodological issues was identified that should be taken into consideration in future research.
关于性别角色取向与心理健康之间关系的研究一直受三种模型之一的指导。传统的一致性模型认为，只有当一个人的性别角色取向与自己的性别一致时，心理健康才会得到促进；双性化模型提出，无论一个人的性别如何，当一个人的性别角色取向兼具高度的男性气质和女性气质时，幸福感会达到最大化；男性气质模型假定，幸福感是一个人具有男性化性别角色取向程度的函数。通过对35项关于性别角色取向与自尊（性别角色研究中最广泛使用的心理健康指标）之间关系的研究进行元分析，对这三种模型的充分性进行了检验。元分析的结果最支持男性气质模型，并表明在这些研究中，观察到的性别角色取向与自尊之间关系的强度因性别角色测量方法和自尊测量类型而异。此外，还确定了一些方法学问题，未来的研究应予以考虑。
