Sulik K K, Johnston M C
Am J Anat. 1983 Mar;166(3):257-69. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001660303.
The typical facial features of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were induced in C57B1/6J mice with acute maternal ethanol administration at gastrulation stages of embryonic development. These features include microcephaly, microphthalmia, short palpebral fissures, deficiencies of the philtral region, and a long upper lip. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of embryos 24 hours following initial ethanol exposure at 7 days 0 hours of gestation revealed an obvious size reduction in the neural plate, which was particularly noticeable in the forebrain region. As expected, deficiencies in neural plate development at these early stages result in abnormal brain and eye formation. SEM analysis of later embryonic stages revealed the development of closely set olfactory placodes with resultant deficiencies in the medial nasal prominences (that area responsible for forming the philtral region of the upper lip, the alveolar ridge contained the upper incisors, and the anterior portion of the hard palate--the primary palate). Cleared skeletal preparations of affected newborns had marked premaxillary bone deficiencies. One of the most prevalent known human teratogens has a major malformation-inducing effect on gastrulating embryos, a developmental stage present in human embryos prior to pregnancy recognition by most women.
在胚胎发育的原肠胚形成阶段，通过对C57B1/6J小鼠母体进行急性乙醇给药，诱导出了胎儿酒精综合征（FAS）的典型面部特征。这些特征包括小头畸形、小眼畸形、睑裂短小、人中区域缺损以及上唇过长。对妊娠第7天0小时初次接触乙醇后24小时的胚胎进行扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析发现，神经板明显变小，在前脑区域尤为明显。正如预期的那样，这些早期阶段神经板发育的缺陷会导致大脑和眼睛形成异常。对后期胚胎阶段的SEM分析显示，紧密排列的嗅基板发育，导致内侧鼻突（该区域负责形成上唇的人中区域、包含上切牙的牙槽嵴以及硬腭的前部——原腭）出现缺陷。对受影响新生儿的骨骼透明标本进行检查发现，上颌骨前部有明显的缺损。已知最常见的人类致畸剂之一对原肠胚形成期的胚胎有主要的致畸作用，而大多数女性在怀孕确认之前，人类胚胎就处于这个发育阶段。
