Oliver J D, Warner R A, Cleland D R
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Mar;45(3):985-98. doi: 10.1128/aem.45.3.985-998.1983.
During the summer of 1981, 3,887 sucrose-negative vibrios were isolated from seawater, sediment, plankton, and animal samples taken from 80 sites from Miami, Fla., to Portland, Maine. Of these, 4.2% were able to ferment lactose. The lactose-positive strains isolated from the various samples correlated positively with pH and turbidity of the water, vibrios in the sediment and oysters, and total bacterial counts in oysters. Negative correlations were obtained for water salinity. Numerical taxonomy was performed on 95 of the lactose-fermenting environmental isolates and 23 reference strains. Five clusters resulted, with the major cluster containing 33 of the environmental isolates and all of the Vibrio vulnificus reference strains. The 33 isolates, which produced an acid reaction in lactose broth within hours of initial inoculation, represented 20% of all lactose-fermenting vibrios studied. These isolates were nearly identical phenotypically to clinical strains of V. vulnificus studied by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., and by our laboratory, and their identification was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization studies. V. vulnificus was isolated from all sample types and from Miami to Cape Cod, Mass., and comparison of the environmental parameters of the eight subsites yielding this species with those of all 80 subsites revealed no significant differences. The majority of the isolates were obtained from animals, with clams providing most (84%) of these. On injection into mice, 82% of the V. vulnificus isolates resulted in death. Members of the remaining four clusters contained strains which differed from V. vulnificus in such phenotypic traits as luminescence and in urease or H(2)S production. None of the other reference cultures, including nine other Vibrio species, were contained in the remaining clusters, and these isolates could not be identified. Most of these were also lethal for mice. Phenotypic differences, potential pathogenicity, and geographic distribution of the five clusters were examined. It is concluded that V. vulnificus is a ubiquitous organism, both geographically and in a variety of environmental sources, although it occurs in relatively low numbers. The public health significance of this organism and of the other unidentified lactose-fermenting Vibrio species is discussed.
1981年夏天，从佛罗里达州迈阿密到缅因州波特兰的80个地点采集的海水、沉积物、浮游生物和动物样本中分离出3887株蔗糖阴性弧菌。其中，4.2%能够发酵乳糖。从各种样本中分离出的乳糖阳性菌株与水的pH值和浊度、沉积物和牡蛎中的弧菌以及牡蛎中的细菌总数呈正相关。与水的盐度呈负相关。对95株乳糖发酵环境分离株和23株参考菌株进行了数值分类。结果形成了五个聚类，主要聚类包含33株环境分离株和所有创伤弧菌参考菌株。这33株分离株在初次接种后数小时内在乳糖肉汤中产生酸反应，占所有研究的乳糖发酵弧菌的20%。这些分离株在表型上与佐治亚州亚特兰大疾病控制中心和我们实验室研究的创伤弧菌临床菌株几乎相同，并且通过DNA-DNA杂交研究证实了它们的鉴定。从迈阿密到马萨诸塞州科德角的所有样本类型中都分离出了创伤弧菌，将产生该菌种的八个子地点的环境参数与所有80个子地点的环境参数进行比较，没有发现显著差异。大多数分离株来自动物，其中蛤蜊提供了大部分（84%）样本。将创伤弧菌分离株注射到小鼠体内，82%导致死亡。其余四个聚类的成员包含在发光、脲酶或H2S产生等表型特征上与创伤弧菌不同的菌株。其余聚类中不包含其他参考培养物，包括其他九种弧菌属菌种，这些分离株无法鉴定。其中大多数对小鼠也具有致死性。研究了五个聚类的表型差异、潜在致病性和地理分布。得出的结论是，创伤弧菌在地理上和各种环境来源中都是一种普遍存在的生物体，尽管其数量相对较少。讨论了该生物体以及其他未鉴定的乳糖发酵弧菌属菌种的公共卫生意义。
