Hay D F, Ross H S
Child Dev. 1982 Feb;53(1):105-13.
The conflicts of 24 pairs of previously unacquainted 21-month-old children were examined for social hallmarks at several levels of analysis. Each child was observed with the same partner for 15 min on 3 consecutive days. On the fourth day half the dyads were rearranged such that each child now was paired with a new partner; the remaining children returned to meet their usual partners. Conflicts were defined dyadically as 1 child's protesting, resisting, or retaliating against an act by the peer; 217 were recorded across the 4 days, 84% of which were struggles over toys. The disputes possessed a patterned interactive structure and explicit communicative content, and 75% of the object struggles were preceded or followed by socially pertinent events. The extent of conflict neither increased nor decreased over days, nor were there reliable differences between acquainted peers on the fourth day. However, the outcome of 1 conflict affected the next; a child who lost a dispute was more likely than the winner to initiate the next. Moreover, the findings suggested that dyadic as well as dispositional factors influenced conflictual behavior; the children's tendency to initiate disputes on the fourth day could be predicted from their initiations on the first 3 days for both groups, but prediction of their tendency to yield to the peer's demands for objects was only possible for the group who retained the same partners.
我们从多个分析层面，对24对之前互不相识的21个月大儿童之间的冲突进行了社交特征方面的研究。连续三天，每天观察每个孩子与同一名伙伴相处15分钟。第四天，半数配对组合被重新安排，每个孩子与新伙伴配对；其余孩子继续与他们平常的伙伴见面。冲突被定义为一个孩子对同伴的行为进行抗议、抵抗或报复；在这四天里共记录了217次冲突，其中84%是围绕玩具的争抢。这些争执具有特定的互动结构和明确的交流内容，75%的物品争抢之前或之后都伴有与社交相关的事件。冲突的程度在几天内既没有增加也没有减少，第四天熟悉的同伴之间也没有可靠的差异。然而，一次冲突的结果会影响下一次冲突；输掉争执的孩子比获胜者更有可能发起下一次冲突。此外，研究结果表明，二元因素和性格因素都会影响冲突行为；对于两组孩子来说，都可以根据他们在前三天发起冲突的情况来预测他们在第四天发起争执的倾向，但只有与相同伙伴相处的那组孩子，才能预测他们屈从于同伴对物品要求的倾向。
