An overview: maternal nicotine and caffeine consumption and offspring outcome.

Smoking and caffeine ingestion are the most commonly abused physiologically addictive licit drugs [32]. They have similar neurally facilitative properties and individuals monitor their intake so as to maintain a constant level in blood. As is true of other addictive drugs, tolerance to their effects develops over time resulting in increased consumption. This pattern is fairly small with nicotine and caffeine however. THe effects on offspring outcome of smoking and caffeine use and abuse in gravid women and animal models is the subject of this overview.