Hamilton P B, Huff W E, Harris J R, Wyatt R D
Poult Sci. 1982 Sep;61(9):1832-41. doi: 10.3382/ps.0611832.
Five independent episodes of ochratoxicosis in about 970,000 turkeys, two episodes in about 70,000 laying hens, and two episodes in about 12,000,000 broiler chickens were investigated. Ochratoxin A concentrations in suspect feed and ingredients ranged from less than .2 to 16 ppm. Feed samples tested for T-2 toxin, F-2 toxin, heavy metals, and polychlorinated biphenyls were negative. Minor amounts of aflatoxin (less than 60 ppb) were found in suspect feed from two episodes. The main symptoms in turkeys were mortality (up to 59%), nephrotoxicity (pale, swollen kidneys that became tan colored in the sequel to acute toxicity), decreased feed consumption (as little as 20% of the normal feed intake) prior to death, and secondary air sacculitis. Histopathology revealed edema and necrosis of the proximal tubules of the kidneys and no changes in the liver or other organs. Suspect feed containing 2 ppm ochratoxin A increased uric acid levels in serum when fed to poults in the laboratory. The episodes in laying hens were characterized by reduced egg production, poor egg shell quality, and nephropathy. The episodes in broiler chickens were characterized by poor growth rate, poor feed conversion efficiency, poor pigmentation, nephropathy, and increased incidence of air sacculitis. Obtaining feed and ingredients free of ochratoxin, cleaning the feed and ingredient handling equipment, and adding antifungal agents to the feed proved beneficial. Eight of the 9 episodes were traced to the corn supply and the ninth episode was traced to corn gluten meal that became contaminated during storage after manufacture. Evidence was obtained that the ochratoxin was unstable and declined in concentration during storage. Aqueous acetone was a better solvent for extracting ochratoxin than was the recommended phosphoric acid: chloroform. The ochratoxin extracted from high potency samples consisted of ochratoxins A, B, and C in ratios of about 90:8:2.
对约97万只火鸡中发生的5起独立的赭曲霉毒素中毒事件、约7万只蛋鸡中发生的2起事件以及约1200万只肉鸡中发生的2起事件进行了调查。可疑饲料及原料中赭曲霉毒素A的浓度范围为低于0.2至16 ppm。检测T-2毒素、F-2毒素、重金属和多氯联苯的饲料样本均为阴性。在两起事件的可疑饲料中发现了少量黄曲霉毒素（低于60 ppb）。火鸡的主要症状为死亡率（高达59%）、肾毒性（肾脏苍白、肿胀，急性中毒后变为棕褐色）、死前采食量下降（低至正常采食量的20%）以及继发性气囊炎。组织病理学显示肾脏近端小管水肿和坏死，肝脏及其他器官无变化。在实验室中，给小火鸡投喂含2 ppm赭曲霉毒素A的可疑饲料会使血清尿酸水平升高。蛋鸡事件的特征为产蛋量下降、蛋壳质量差和肾病。肉鸡事件的特征为生长速度慢、饲料转化率低、色素沉着差、肾病和气囊炎发病率增加。获取不含赭曲霉毒素的饲料和原料、清洁饲料及原料处理设备以及在饲料中添加抗真菌剂被证明是有益的。9起事件中有8起可追溯到玉米供应源，第9起事件可追溯到玉米蛋白粉，其在生产后储存期间受到污染。有证据表明赭曲霉毒素不稳定，在储存期间浓度会下降。与推荐的磷酸：氯仿相比，丙酮水溶液是提取赭曲霉毒素更好的溶剂。从高效力样本中提取的赭曲霉毒素由赭曲霉毒素A、B和C组成，比例约为90:8:2。
