Tarter R E
J Clin Psychol. 1982 Oct;38(4):867-73. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198210)38:4<867::aid-jclp2270380431>3.0.co;2-y.
Compared essential and reactive alcoholics (N = 75) on their childhood history reports of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) and current patterns of alcohol use. It was found that the essentials retrospectively reported over twice as many symptoms of hyperactivity and minimal brain dysfunction, which suggests that antecedent neuropsychological factors also may contribute to their chronic personal and social maladjustment in addition to the previously formulated psychodynamic and developmental factors. Present drinking practices in the essential alcoholics were more disturbed, as revealed by the greater adverse personal and interpersonal consequences. A general index of alcoholism severity was observed to be correlated significantly with both essential alcoholism and number of MBD symptoms in childhood.
比较原发性和反应性酗酒者（N = 75）关于童年期轻微脑功能障碍（MBD）的病史报告以及当前的饮酒模式。研究发现，原发性酗酒者回顾性报告的多动和轻微脑功能障碍症状是反应性酗酒者的两倍多，这表明除了先前提出的心理动力学和发育因素外，先前存在的神经心理学因素也可能导致他们长期的个人和社会适应不良。原发性酗酒者目前的饮酒行为更紊乱，这表现为更多负面的个人和人际后果。观察到酒精中毒严重程度的综合指标与原发性酒精中毒以及童年期MBD症状的数量均显著相关。
