Neathery M W, Blackmon D M, Miller W J, Heinmiller S, McGuire S, Tababula J M, Gentry R P, Allen J C
J Dairy Sci. 1981 Nov;64(11):2220-33. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82833-0.
Chloride deficiency signs were produced in young Holstein calves by a low chloride diet (.063% chlorine) and daily removal of chloride in abomasal contents. General clinical signs included anorexia, weights loss, lethargy, mild polydipsia, and mild polyuria. In latter stages of the deficiency, severe eye defects (scleral injection, sunken eyes, scaliness around eyes) and reduced respiration rate became evident. Feces contained varying amounts of blood and mucus. The chloride imbalance resulted in severe alkalosis and hypochloremia leading to secondary hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and azotemia. All deficient calves died after 24, 28, 38, and 46 days of treatment. Chloride concentrations of plasma in each of the calves just prior to death were similar at 31 to 35 meq/liter, which compares with normal 96 meq/liter. One additional calf made chloride deficient was recovered to normal health in 9 days following a single treatment with salt water and feeding of control diet containing .48% chlorine. Control calves fed a diet with .48% chlorine and which also had their abomasal contents removed daily grew normally and exhibited no deficiency signs. When dietary chloride was adequate, removal of abomasal contents (and chlorine) had no adverse effects on the animals.
通过低氯饮食（氯含量0.063%）和每天清除皱胃内容物中的氯，在幼小的荷斯坦犊牛中产生了氯缺乏症状。一般临床症状包括厌食、体重减轻、嗜睡、轻度烦渴和轻度多尿。在缺乏症的后期，严重的眼部缺陷（巩膜充血、眼睛凹陷、眼睛周围鳞片化）和呼吸频率降低变得明显。粪便中含有不同量的血液和黏液。氯失衡导致严重碱中毒和低氯血症，进而导致继发性低钾血症、低钠血症和氮血症。所有缺乏氯的犊牛在治疗24、28、38和46天后死亡。每头犊牛在死亡前血浆中的氯浓度相似，为31至35毫当量/升，而正常水平为96毫当量/升。另外一头制成氯缺乏的犊牛在单次用盐水治疗并喂食含0.48%氯的对照日粮后9天恢复到正常健康状态。喂食含0.48%氯日粮且每天也清除皱胃内容物的对照犊牛正常生长，未表现出缺乏症状。当日粮中的氯充足时，清除皱胃内容物（和氯）对动物没有不良影响。
