Chapman M
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1981 Sep;9(3):321-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00916836.
A distinction is made between functional and intentional control in parent-child interaction. These concepts are drawn, respectively, from operant and cognitive models of interaction process. Experimental evidence is presented that cognitive factors such as expectations or hypotheses indeed affect the relations between parents and their own children. This necessitates a further distinction between long-term and short-term causal effects: Since changes in parents' expectations for their children may lag behind actual changes in children's behavior, short-term effects inferred from observations of ongoing interactions may not reflect the long-term dynamics of the relationship.
亲子互动中存在功能性控制和意向性控制的区别。这些概念分别源自互动过程的操作性模型和认知模型。文中给出了实验证据，表明诸如期望或假设等认知因素确实会影响父母与自己孩子之间的关系。这就需要进一步区分长期因果效应和短期因果效应：由于父母对孩子期望的变化可能滞后于孩子行为的实际变化，从对正在进行的互动观察中推断出的短期效应可能无法反映这种关系的长期动态。
