Ehri L C, Ryan E B
J Psycholinguist Res. 1980 May;9(3):285-302. doi: 10.1007/BF01067243.
The picture-word interference task was administered to Spanish-English adults in order to determine whether the lexicons of bilinguals are integrated or whether words are stored and accessed separately in semantic memory. Pictures were printed with Spanish words naming other objects, with English translations, and with X's. Spanish and English distractor words were observed to slow down picture naming in both languages. Also, an interaction was detected among subjects naming pictures in English. On the first trial Spanish words produced more interference than English words, whereas the pattern was reversed thereafter. This effect is attributed to task novelty, which disappears with practice. No differential patterns of interference were observed among subjects naming pictures in Spanish, probably because of greater error variance. Results for English picture-naming bilinguals supported the integration hypothesis but suggested that there is less distance between words within a language than between languages in semantic memory.
为了确定双语者的词汇是整合的，还是在语义记忆中单词是分开存储和提取的，对西班牙裔-英语双语成年人进行了图词干扰任务。图片上印有命名其他物体的西班牙语单词、英文翻译以及X。观察到西班牙语和英语干扰词都会减慢两种语言的图片命名速度。此外，在以英语命名图片的受试者中发现了一种交互作用。在第一次试验中，西班牙语单词比英语单词产生的干扰更多，而此后模式则相反。这种效应归因于任务的新颖性，随着练习会消失。在以西班牙语命名图片的受试者中未观察到不同的干扰模式，可能是因为误差方差更大。以英语命名图片的双语者的结果支持整合假说，但表明在语义记忆中，同一语言内单词之间的距离比不同语言之间的距离更小。
