Newell-Morris L, Sirianni J E, Shepard T H, Fantel A G, Moffett B C
Teratology. 1980 Aug;22(1):87-101. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420220112.
The teratogenic effects of retinoic acid, the alcohol-soluble acid form of vitamin A, on the craniofacial complex of 11 macaque (Macaca nemestrina) whose mothers had received the compound from days 20 to 44 are described. The fetuses ranged in gestational age from 81 to 185 days and exhibited features of the so-called retinoic acid syndrome (RAS). The syndrome includes both craniofacial defects and postcranial anomalies of the musculoskeletal and urogenital systems. The craniofacial anomalies were described with reference to gross external appearance and radiographic observations. The most frequent findings were cleft palate, malformed ears, hypertelorism, exophthalmos, hypoplasia of the bone of the mid-face and mandible, a curvature of the inferior border of the mandible, retrognathia, and distortion of the cranium. Lateral cephalograms on nine animals of the RAS sample were measured using six linear dimensions which define the cranial base, face height, palatal length, and mandibular length. The measurements were plotted relative to normal curves which describe growth of the dimensions through the macaque fetal period. For their age, the abnormal animals were small in the craniofacial region. The same measurements were then plotted relative to the size of the fetus, to investigate the possibility of a differential response of the various craniofacial areas to the teratogen. Mandibular length and anterior cranial base were the most reduced dimensions, followed by anterior and posterior face height, with palatal length the least affected. Comparison of the features of the RAS syndrome in the macaque fetus with those reported for various human mandibulofacial dysostosis syndromes yields similarities, but there are enough differences to indicate that the syndromes are not identical in the two species. The utility of the approach used, wherein several craniofacial dimensions of the abnormal are assessed relative to normal growth curves and relative to body size, is emphasized.
本文描述了维甲酸（维生素A的醇溶性酸形式）对11只猕猴（食蟹猴）颅面复合体的致畸作用，这些猕猴的母亲在孕期第20至44天接受了该化合物。胎儿的胎龄在81至185天之间，表现出所谓的维甲酸综合征（RAS）的特征。该综合征包括颅面缺陷以及肌肉骨骼和泌尿生殖系统的颅后异常。通过大体外观和影像学观察对颅面异常进行了描述。最常见的发现是腭裂、耳部畸形、眼距过宽、眼球突出、面中部和下颌骨骨质发育不全、下颌骨下缘弯曲、下颌后缩以及颅骨变形。使用六个线性维度对RAS样本中的九只动物进行了侧位头影测量，这些维度定义了颅底、面高、腭长和下颌长度。测量结果相对于描述猕猴胎儿期这些维度生长的正常曲线进行绘制。就其年龄而言，异常动物的颅面部较小。然后将相同的测量结果相对于胎儿大小进行绘制，以研究颅面各个区域对致畸剂的差异反应可能性。下颌长度和前颅底是减少最多的维度，其次是前、后脸高，腭长受影响最小。将猕猴胎儿的RAS综合征特征与各种人类下颌面骨发育不全综合征的报告特征进行比较，发现有相似之处，但也有足够的差异表明这两种综合征在两个物种中并不完全相同。强调了所采用方法的实用性——相对于正常生长曲线和身体大小评估异常的几个颅面维度。
