Kashima Y, Yamaguchi S, Kim U, Choi S C, Gelfand M J, Yuki M
School of Psychology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995 Nov;69(5):925-37. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.925.
Individualism and collectivism are often equated with independent vs. interdependent, agentic vs. communal, and separate vs. relational self-construals. Although these same concepts have been used to characterize both cultural and gender differences, a perspective of cultural evolution suggests it is unlikely. A division of labor within society may produce gender differences, but this cannot explain cultural differences. A study of self-construal involving 5 cultures (Australia, the United States, Hawaii, Japan, and Korea) shows that differences between these cultures are captured mostly by the extent to which people see themselves as acting as independent agents, whereas gender differences are best summarized by the extent to which people regard themselves as emotionally related to others.
个人主义和集体主义常常等同于独立与相互依赖、能动与社群、分离与关系自我建构。尽管这些相同的概念已被用于刻画文化差异和性别差异，但文化进化的观点表明这种情况不太可能。社会中的劳动分工可能会产生性别差异，但这无法解释文化差异。一项涉及5种文化（澳大利亚、美国、夏威夷、日本和韩国）的自我建构研究表明，这些文化之间的差异主要体现在人们将自己视为独立行为主体的程度上，而性别差异则最好通过人们认为自己在情感上与他人相关的程度来概括。
