Henker R, Bernardo L M, O'Connor K, Sereika S
J Emerg Nurs. 1995 Oct;21(5):385-90. doi: 10.1016/s0099-1767(05)80102-3.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare four methods of warming intravenous fluid (IVF) with a control of unwarmed IVF at flow rates of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ml/hr.
A 5 x 5 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the methods of warming IVF and the control at varied flow rates.
The methods of warming IVF in this study included the following: (1) the Level 1 System 250 fluid warmer with D-60HL tubing (Level 1 Technologies, Inc., Rockland, Mass.); (2) the Level 1 System 250 fluid warmer with D-50 tubing (Level 1 Technologies, Inc.); (3) the Hotline fluid warmer with L-70 tubing (Level 1 Technologies, Inc.); and (4) the Baxter DW 1000 D blood fluid warmer with blood cuff set tubing (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Valencia, Calif.). The IVF temperatures were measured with thermocouples at three points: (1) in the intravenous solution bag, (2) in the tubing after the infusion pump, and (3) 2 cm proximal to the end of the tubing. Ambient temperature and the temperature at the three measurement points were recorded when the temperature at the point 2 cm proximal to the end of the tubing was stable for 3 minutes.
With single-lumen tubing, fluids flowing at low rates (e.g., 200 ml/hr) were barely warm at the end of the tubing. In contrast, fluid warmed with triple-lumen technology was consistently kept warm throughout the tubing.
本体外研究的目的是比较四种静脉输液（IVF）加温方法，并与流速为200、400、600、800和1000 ml/小时的未加温IVF对照组进行比较。
采用5×5析因实验设计来评估不同流速下IVF加温和对照组的方法。
本研究中IVF的加温方法包括：（1）配备D - 60HL管道的Level 1系统250液体加温器（Level 1 Technologies公司，马萨诸塞州罗克兰）；（2）配备D - 50管道的Level 1系统250液体加温器（Level 1 Technologies公司）；（3）配备L - 70管道的Hotline液体加温器（Level 1 Technologies公司）；以及（4）配备血袖套管道的百特DW 1000 D血液液体加温器（百特医疗保健公司，加利福尼亚州瓦伦西亚）。通过热电偶在三个点测量IVF温度：（1）在静脉输液袋中；（2）在输液泵后的管道中；（3）在管道末端近端2 cm处。当管道末端近端2 cm处的温度稳定3分钟时，记录环境温度和三个测量点的温度。
使用单腔管道时，低流速（如200 ml/小时）流动的液体在管道末端几乎没有变暖。相比之下，采用三腔技术加温的液体在整个管道中始终保持温暖。
