Differential antiviral activities and intracellular metabolism of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in human cells.

Dideoxynucleosides such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) can effectively inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in T lymphoid cells. There is evidence that HIV can infect and replicate in other cells including monocytoid cells and macrophages. The present study compared the antiretroviral activities of ddI and AZT in three lineages of human cells, i.e., MOLT4 (T lymphocytoid, CD4+), U937 (monocytoid, CD4+), and HT1080 (fibroblastoid, CD4-) cells. Feline leukemia virus, a retrovirus that causes immunodeficiency in cats, was used to infect the cells. The drug concentrations needed to reduce the viral p27 antigen titers in cell lysates by 50% (IC50s) were determined. The data show that AZT and ddI inhibited viral replication in all three cell lines. The IC50s of AZT were 0.02, 1.75, and 2.31 microM in MOLT4, HT1080, and U937 cells, respectively. For ddI, the IC50s were 4.31, 9.52, and 43.5 microM, respectively. These data indicate differential antiviral activities of ddI and AZT in the different cells with the following rank order of drug sensitivity: MOLT4 > HT1080 > U937. A study of the intracellular metabolism of [3H]AZT and [3H]ddI shows that the antiretroviral activities of AZT and ddI in the three cell lines correlated with the levels of their intracellular triphosphate metabolites.