Kuhns D B, Alvord W G, Gallin J I
Program Resources, Inc./DynCorp, Frederick, Maryland.
J Infect Dis. 1995 Jan;171(1):145-52. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.1.145.
Intravenous administration of endotoxin into humans causes transient fever, alteration in the number of circulating neutrophils, and transient release into plasma of cytokines, cytokine antagonists, and other cellular products. The release can be temporally differentiated, and the extent of release is dose-dependent. By 1 h after endotoxin challenge, levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble TNF receptor increase; interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 increase by 1.5 h, and IL-1 receptor antagonist, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and lactoferrin increase by 2 h. Increased G-CSF is temporally associated with neutrophilia and the appearance of band neutrophils. Increased plasma lactoferrin and altered neutrophil surface antigen expression suggest that intravascular activation of neutrophils has occurred. The level of soluble E-selectin (sE-sel), an adhesion molecule released from endothelial cells, is elevated at 4 h and remains elevated at 24 h. sE-sel levels increase with higher doses of endotoxin at 4, 6, and 24 h.
给人类静脉注射内毒素会导致短暂发热、循环中性粒细胞数量改变，以及细胞因子、细胞因子拮抗剂和其他细胞产物短暂释放到血浆中。这种释放可以在时间上区分，并且释放程度呈剂量依赖性。在内毒素攻击后1小时，肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α和可溶性TNF受体水平升高；白细胞介素（IL）-6和IL-8在1.5小时时升高，IL-1受体拮抗剂、粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和乳铁蛋白在2小时时升高。G-CSF升高在时间上与中性粒细胞增多和带状中性粒细胞的出现相关。血浆乳铁蛋白增加和中性粒细胞表面抗原表达改变表明已发生中性粒细胞的血管内激活。可溶性E-选择素（sE-sel）是一种从内皮细胞释放的粘附分子，其水平在4小时时升高，并在24小时时保持升高。在4、6和24小时时，较高剂量的内毒素会使sE-sel水平升高。
