Levy S M
Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1978;9(4):313-44. doi: 10.2190/0011-dxlv-x8j6-gx7g.
Variation in temporal experience among the aged has been found to be a function of a number of variables. The sociological and phenomenological literature suggest two as being of crucial importance: work and retirement and health and illness. These were investigated in the present study making use of a structured interview format with seventy male retirees. Differences in affect and temporal experience were examined using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design comparing groups in terms of Health, Willingness to Retire, and Time Since Retirement. In general, it was found that early in retirement those individuals who were healthy but had not wanted to retire resembled the chronically ill in terms of negative affect and temporal structure (that is, loss of a sense of future, constricted present, and "disconnected" past). Over time, however, these individuals restructured their world, reflecting a positive affect and a "full" temporal experience. This restructuration was in contrast to that which occurred in the chronically ill, who, irrespective of whether they wanted to retire or not, and irrespective of time since retirement, remained uniform in terms of negative affect and loss of temporal structure.
研究发现，老年人时间体验的差异是多种变量作用的结果。社会学和现象学文献表明，有两个变量至关重要：工作与退休以及健康与疾病。在本研究中，我们采用结构化访谈形式，对70名男性退休人员进行了调查。我们使用2×2×2析因设计，从健康状况、退休意愿和退休时长三个方面对不同组进行比较，研究情感和时间体验的差异。总体而言，研究发现，在退休初期，那些身体健康但本不想退休的人与慢性病患者在消极情感和时间结构方面（即失去未来感、当下受限以及“脱节”的过去）颇为相似。然而，随着时间推移，这些人重新构建了他们的世界，展现出积极情感和“充实”的时间体验。这种重构与慢性病患者的情况形成了对比，慢性病患者无论是否想退休，也无论退休时长如何，在消极情感和时间结构丧失方面始终保持不变。
