Multiple raters of disruptive child behavior: using a genetic strategy to examine shared views and bias.

Most research on child behavior incorporates information from different individuals. While agreement between informants is generally only modest, there is little understanding of the processes underlying disagreement. In twin studies, differential agreement among raters for MZ and DZ twins is of particular concern. The processes underlying differences among mother, father, and child ratings of oppositional and conduct disorder symptoms are explored. Evidence in favor of a shared parental view of behavior is presented. Parental ratings give higher intrapair correlations, which could be due to either parents rating their twins more similarly or twins contrasting themselves. Rater bias and situational specificity are among the possible explanations of differential ratings. The effects of incorporating multiple raters of behavior on estimates of genetic and environmental effects are explored. These suggest that genetic influences are greater for the shared (multiple-rater) phenotype than for individual ratings; reduction in measurement error is only a partial explanation.