Spatafora J W, Mitchell T G, Vilgalys R
Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
J Clin Microbiol. 1995 May;33(5):1322-6. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.5.1322-1326.1995.
Because of their ability to display yeast-like growth forms in various environmental conditions, dematiaceous (melanized) hyphomycetes of the form-genera Exophiala, Rhinocladiella, and Wangiella have been informally termed "black yeasts." Cladistic analysis of 1,050 bp of the genes coding for small-subunit rRNA (SSU rDNA) supported a close relationship among species of these black yeasts with other dematiaceous hyphomycetes in the form-genera Fonsecaea, Phialophora, and Ramichloridium. The conventional categories of these fungi based on asexual states are not supported by phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. Isolates exhibiting annellidic modes of blastic conidiogenesis (e.g., Exophiala spp.) were not monophyletic and were placed as sister taxa to isolates that produce phialides or sympodulae. The results indicated very close relationships between isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis and Exophiala mansonii and between Rhinocladiella aquaspersa and Exophiala jeanselmei. This clade of dematiaceous hyphomycetes was a sister group to a clade comprising members of two orders of cleistothecial ascomycetes, Eurotiales and Onygenales. The etiological agents of chromoblastomycosis were found to be a closely related group (clade), while the agents of phaeohyphomycosis displayed a broader distribution on the SSU rDNA tree.
由于在各种环境条件下能够呈现酵母样生长形态，形态属为外瓶霉属、枝孢瓶霉属和万吉霉属的暗色（黑化）丝孢菌被非正式地称为“黑色酵母菌”。对编码小亚基核糖体RNA（SSU rDNA）的1050 bp基因进行的分支分析支持了这些黑色酵母菌的物种与形态属为瓶霉属、瓶梗霉属和枝氯霉属的其他暗色丝孢菌之间存在密切关系。基于无性状态对这些真菌进行的传统分类并不得到SSU rDNA序列系统发育分析的支持。表现出芽生环痕式分生孢子形成方式的分离株（如外瓶霉属物种）并非单系类群，而是被置于产生瓶梗或合轴式产孢细胞的分离株的姐妹分类单元位置。结果表明皮炎万吉霉和曼氏外瓶霉的分离株之间以及水栖枝孢瓶霉和琼氏外瓶霉的分离株之间关系非常密切。这一暗色丝孢菌分支是一个包含闭囊壳子囊菌纲两个目（散囊菌目和爪甲团囊菌目）成员的分支的姐妹类群。发现着色芽生菌病的病原体是一个密切相关的类群（分支），而暗色丝孢霉病的病原体在SSU rDNA树上分布更广。
