Volesky B, Holan Z R
Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Biotechnol Prog. 1995 May-Jun;11(3):235-50. doi: 10.1021/bp00033a001.
Only within the past decade has the potential of metal biosorption by biomass materials been well established. For economic reasons, of particular interest are abundant biomass types generated as a waste byproduct of large-scale industrial fermentations or certain metal-binding algae found in large quantities in the sea. These biomass types serve as a basis for newly developed metal biosorption processes foreseen particularly as a very competitive means for the detoxification of metal-bearing industrial effluents. The assessment of the metal-binding capacity of some new biosorbents is discussed. Lead and cadmium, for instance, have been effectively removed from very dilute solutions by the dried biomass of some ubiquitous species of brown marine algae such as Ascophyllum and Sargassum, which accumulate more than 30% of biomass dry weight in the metal. Mycelia of the industrial steroid-transforming fungi Rhizopus and Absidia are excellent biosorbents for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and uranium and also bind other heavy metals up to 25% of the biomass dry weight. Biosorption isotherm curves, derived from equilibrium batch sorption experiments, are used in the evaluation of metal uptake by different biosorbents. Further studies are focusing on the assessment of biosorbent performance in dynamic continuous-flow sorption systems. In the course of this work, new methodologies are being developed that are aimed at mathematical modeling of biosorption systems and their effective optimization. Elucidation of mechanisms active in metal biosorption is essential for successful exploitation of the phenomenon and for regeneration of biosorbent materials in multiple reuse cycles. The complex nature of biosorbent materials makes this task particularly challenging. Discussion focuses on the composition of marine algae polysaccharide structures, which seem instrumental in metal uptake and binding. The state of the art in the field of biosorption is reviewed in this article, with many references to recent reviews and key individual contributions.
直到过去十年，生物质材料对金属的生物吸附潜力才得以充分确立。出于经济原因，特别受关注的是大规模工业发酵产生的大量生物质废料副产品，以及海洋中大量存在的某些具有金属结合能力的藻类。这些生物质类型是新开发的金属生物吸附工艺的基础，有望成为含金属工业废水解毒的极具竞争力的手段。文中讨论了一些新型生物吸附剂的金属结合能力评估。例如，某些常见的褐藻如墨角藻和马尾藻的干燥生物质能有效去除极稀溶液中的铅和镉，这些藻类积累的金属含量超过其生物质干重的30%。工业甾体转化真菌根霉和犁头霉的菌丝体是铅、镉、铜、锌和铀的优良生物吸附剂，还能结合其他重金属，其含量可达生物质干重的25%。通过平衡批量吸附实验得出的生物吸附等温线曲线，用于评估不同生物吸附剂对金属的吸收情况。进一步的研究集中在动态连续流吸附系统中生物吸附剂性能的评估。在这项工作过程中，正在开发新的方法，旨在对生物吸附系统进行数学建模并实现有效优化。阐明金属生物吸附中起作用的机制对于成功利用这一现象以及生物吸附剂材料在多次重复使用循环中的再生至关重要。生物吸附剂材料的复杂性质使得这项任务极具挑战性。讨论聚焦于海藻多糖结构的组成，这似乎在金属吸收和结合中起重要作用。本文综述了生物吸附领域的现状，并大量引用了近期的综述和关键的个人贡献。
