Baumrind D
Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley.
Child Dev. 1993 Oct;64(5):1299-317.
I take the position, contrary to Scarr's, that the details of socialization patterns are crucial to an understanding of normal and deviant development. Considerable evidence has accrued to justify the claim that what normal parents do or fail to do crucially affects their children's development. Research is cited to support the argument that better than "good enough" parenting optimizes the development of both normal and vulnerable children, and that parents' belief in their own effectiveness further enhances their caregiving, whereas causal attributions that assign responsibility for child outcomes to genetic factors that parents cannot change undermine parents' belief in their own effectiveness. The strong conclusions Scarr draws from heritability analyses to support her thesis that genotypes drive experiences overlook their inherent limitations.
我所持的观点与斯卡尔相反，即社会化模式的细节对于理解正常和异常发展至关重要。已有大量证据支持这一说法，即正常的父母所做或未做之事对其子女的发展有着至关重要的影响。有研究被引用来支持这样的观点：优于“足够好”的养育方式能优化正常儿童和易受影响儿童的发展，而且父母对自身效能的信念会进一步提升他们的养育质量，而将儿童成长结果的责任归因于父母无法改变的遗传因素会削弱父母对自身效能的信念。斯卡尔从遗传力分析中得出的用以支持其基因型驱动经历这一论点的强硬结论忽视了这些分析固有的局限性。
