Maffulli N, Baxter-Jones A D
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, Scotland.
Sports Med. 1995 Feb;19(2):137-49. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199519020-00005.
The increasing frequency of injury in young athletes over the last 2 decades reflects the increases in sports participation of children of a young age. Physical injury is an inherent risk in sports participation at any age. In general, the factors causing sports injuries can be grouped in 2 separate broad categories: extrinsic and intrinsic factors. However, the great majority of injuries which are sustained are minor and self-limiting, suggesting that children and youth sports are safe. However, a increasing number of children undergo treatment because of the effects that injuries may have on their developing bodies. A child's skeletal system shows pronounced adaptive changes to intensive sports training. Sports injuries affect both growing bone and soft tissues, and could result in damage of the growth mechanisms with subsequent life-lasting damage. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to injuries, at least partially due to an imbalance in strength and flexibility. During growth there are significant changes in the biomechanical properties of bone. In young athletes, as bone stiffness increases and resistance to impact diminishes, sudden overload may cause bones to bow or buckle. Epiphyseal injuries occur at the epiphyseal growth plates. They are usually due to shearing and avulsion forces, although compression also plays a significant role. Given the remarkable healing potential of bone in youngsters, fractures that initially united with some deformity can completely remodel and appear totally normal in later life. As the risk of injuries sustained by young athletes can be significant, it is essential that training programmes take into account their physical and psychological immaturity, so that the growing athlete can adjust to their own body changes.
在过去20年里，年轻运动员受伤频率的增加反映了低龄儿童参与体育运动的人数有所增加。身体受伤是任何年龄段参与体育运动都存在的固有风险。一般来说，导致运动损伤的因素可分为两大类：外在因素和内在因素。然而，大多数受伤都是轻微的且具有自限性，这表明儿童和青少年体育运动是安全的。然而，越来越多的儿童因受伤可能对其发育中的身体产生的影响而接受治疗。儿童的骨骼系统对高强度体育训练会表现出明显的适应性变化。运动损伤会影响正在生长的骨骼和软组织，并可能导致生长机制受损，继而造成永久性损伤。青少年尤其容易受伤，至少部分原因是力量和柔韧性失衡。在生长过程中，骨骼的生物力学特性会发生显著变化。在年轻运动员中，随着骨骼硬度增加和抗冲击能力下降，突然的超负荷可能导致骨骼弯曲或变形。骨骺损伤发生在骨骺生长板处。它们通常是由剪切力和撕脱力引起的，不过压力也起重要作用。鉴于青少年骨骼具有显著的愈合潜力，最初伴有一些畸形愈合的骨折在以后的生活中可以完全重塑并看起来完全正常。由于年轻运动员受伤的风险可能很大，训练计划必须考虑到他们身体和心理上的不成熟，以便成长中的运动员能够适应自身身体的变化。
