Richardson-Klavehn A, Gardiner J M
School of Psychology, Middlesex University, Queensway, Enfield, U.K.
Psychol Res. 1995;57(3-4):166-78. doi: 10.1007/BF00431278.
Facilitation in an incidental test of stem completion shows little influence of depth of processing at study, whereas facilitation in an opposition test (in which subjects give the first word coming to mind, but omit studied words) occurs following graphemic processing, but not following semantic processing. We argue that completions come to mind involuntarily in both tests. Involuntary conscious memory causes studied words to be omitted in an opposition test, but not in an incidental test, so that the difference in priming between tests is a measure of involuntary conscious memory. We obtained data consistent with this hypothesis by making overt the mental activities that occur covertly in an opposition test: (1) an on-line recognition measure in an incidental test showed a strong advantage of semantic over graphemic processing, even though depth of processing exerted little influence on priming; (2) conditionalizing on recognition failure resulted in accurate estimates of opposition performance; and (3) stems were completed much more rapidly in incidental and opposition tests than in an intentional test, in which voluntary retrieval was engaged. The data provide further evidence that retrieval volition (voluntary vs. involuntary) is dissociable from memorial state of awareness (conscious vs. unconscious). We contrast our approach with the process-dissociation approach, which confounds conscious awareness of the past with voluntary retrieval, overlooking involuntary conscious memory.
在词干补全的附带测试中，启动效应显示出学习时加工深度的影响很小，而在对立测试（受试者说出第一个想到的词，但省略学过的词）中，启动效应在字形加工后出现，但在语义加工后不出现。我们认为，在这两种测试中，补全都是不由自主地出现在脑海中的。不由自主的有意识记忆会导致在对立测试中省略学过的词，但在附带测试中不会，因此测试之间启动效应的差异是不由自主的有意识记忆的一种度量。我们通过揭示在对立测试中隐蔽发生的心理活动来获得与这一假设一致的数据：（1）附带测试中的在线识别测量显示，语义加工比字形加工具有很强的优势，尽管加工深度对启动效应影响很小；（2）以识别失败为条件能准确估计对立测试的表现；（3）与需要进行有意检索的有意测试相比，在附带测试和对立测试中词干补全的速度要快得多。这些数据进一步证明，检索意愿（自愿与非自愿）与记忆意识状态（有意识与无意识）是可分离的。我们将我们的方法与过程分离法进行了对比，过程分离法将对过去的有意识觉知与自愿检索混为一谈，忽略了不由自主的有意识记忆。
