Bertelsen J B, Hegedüs L
Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology M, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
Thyroid. 1994 Fall;4(3):327-31. doi: 10.1089/thy.1994.4.327.
Relevant English language articles published from 1970 through 1993 regarding the possible influence of cigarette smoking on the thyroid were identified through a MEDLINE search and manual searches of identified articles. Thiocyanate in tobacco smoke influences the thyroid by a competitive inhibition of iodine uptake and organification in the gland. Also the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by cigarette smoke and benzpyrene, another constituent of tobacco, is thought to influence thyroid gland function. The thyroid hormones and TSH receptor autoantibodies are not affected by smoking, but serum TSH levels have been found to be slightly reduced. Smokers have a higher frequency of goiter and increased serum thyroglobulin levels, especially in iodine-deficient areas. Graves' ophthalmopathy is strongly associated with cigarette smoking; the more severe the eye disease the stronger the association. Graves' disease without ophthalmopathy is also associated with smoking, though this association is weaker. Thiocyanate level in cord blood equilibrates completely with the level in the mother, and a reverse correlation has been demonstrated between birth weight and thiocyanate level in cord blood. Cigarette smoking induces similar changes in thyroid function in the adult and the fetus. No separate study has elucidated the effects of cessation of smoking, but there seems to be longstanding effects induced by smoking, some probably irreversible.
通过医学文献数据库检索（MEDLINE）以及对已识别文章的手动检索，确定了1970年至1993年间发表的关于吸烟对甲状腺可能影响的相关英文文章。烟草烟雾中的硫氰酸盐通过竞争性抑制甲状腺对碘的摄取和有机化来影响甲状腺。此外，烟草烟雾中的尼古丁和多环芳烃等成分对交感神经系统的刺激也被认为会影响甲状腺功能。吸烟不影响甲状腺激素和促甲状腺激素（TSH）受体自身抗体，但血清TSH水平略有降低。吸烟者甲状腺肿的发生率较高，血清甲状腺球蛋白水平升高，在碘缺乏地区尤为明显。格雷夫斯眼病与吸烟密切相关；眼病越严重，关联越强。无眼病的格雷夫斯病也与吸烟有关，不过这种关联较弱。脐血中的硫氰酸盐水平与母亲体内的水平完全平衡，并且已证明出生体重与脐血硫氰酸盐水平呈负相关。吸烟在成人和胎儿中引起类似的甲状腺功能变化。尚无单独研究阐明戒烟的影响，但吸烟似乎会产生长期影响，有些可能是不可逆的。
