Knipling E F
Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Apr;14:145-52. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7614145.
Insects produce pheromones as a chemical communication system to facilitate reproduction. These highly active chemical attractants have been synthesized for some of the most important insect pests, including the boll weevil, gypsy moth, codling moth, tobacco budworm, European corn borer, and several bark beetles. While none of the synthetic sex attractants have yet been developed for use in insect control, they offer opportunities for the future both as control agents and to greatly improved insect detection. Investigations are underway on insect trapping systems employing the phermones and on air permeation techniques to disrupt insect reproduction. The pheromones are generally highly species-specific and are not likely to pose hazards to nontarget organisms in the environment. Toxicological studies indicate that they are low in toxicity to mammals, birds, and fish, but adequate toxicological data are necessary before they can be registered for use in insect control. Another new class of compounds called kaironomes has been discovered. These chemicals are involved in the detection of hosts or prey by insect parasites and predators. Kairomones may prove useful in manipulating natural or released biological agents for more effective biological control of insect pests. No information is yet available on the toxicology of these chemicals.
昆虫产生信息素作为一种化学通讯系统来促进繁殖。这些高活性的化学引诱剂已被合成用于一些最重要的害虫防治，包括棉铃象鼻虫、舞毒蛾、苹果蠹蛾、烟草夜蛾、欧洲玉米螟以及几种小蠹虫。虽然目前尚未开发出用于昆虫防治的合成性引诱剂，但它们作为防治剂以及大幅改进昆虫检测手段，都为未来提供了机会。关于采用信息素的昆虫诱捕系统以及破坏昆虫繁殖的空气渗透技术的研究正在进行。信息素通常具有高度的物种特异性，不太可能对环境中的非目标生物构成危害。毒理学研究表明，它们对哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类的毒性较低，但在它们能够登记用于昆虫防治之前，还需要充分的毒理学数据。另一类被称为利它素的新型化合物已被发现。这些化学物质参与昆虫寄生虫和捕食者对宿主或猎物的检测。利它素可能被证明在操控自然或释放的生物制剂以更有效地进行害虫生物防治方面有用。目前尚无关于这些化学物质毒理学的信息。
