Swanson J A, Lee J W, Hopp J W
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA.
Addict Behav. 1994 May-Jun;19(3):229-56. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(94)90027-2.
There is a strong, significant relationship between coffee consumption and smoking. In six epidemiological studies reviewed and analyzed here, 86.4% of smokers consumed coffee versus 77.2% of nonsmokers. Exsmokers use more coffee than nonsmokers but somewhat less than smokers. Seventeen experimental studies suggest that the pharmacologic effect of caffeine in coffee may be partially but not totally responsible for the relationship. Conditioning, a reciprocal interaction (caffeine intake increases anxiety/arousal--nicotine decreases it), or joint effect of a third variable (e.g., stress, alcohol) may account for the relationship. In abstinent smokers, blood caffeine levels increase and remain elevated for as long as 6 months. These higher caffeine plasma levels may be sufficient to produce caffeine toxicity syndrome. A review of 86 studies of nicotine withdrawal, caffeine withdrawal, and caffeine toxicity suggests that the symptoms are similar enough to be confused, and that reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms may be a mixture of nicotine withdrawal and caffeine toxicity.
咖啡消费与吸烟之间存在着紧密且显著的关系。在本文所回顾和分析的六项流行病学研究中，86.4%的吸烟者饮用咖啡，而非吸烟者的这一比例为77.2%。已戒烟者比非吸烟者饮用更多咖啡，但比吸烟者略少。十七项实验研究表明，咖啡中咖啡因的药理作用可能是这种关系的部分而非全部原因。条件作用、一种相互作用（咖啡因摄入会增加焦虑/唤醒——尼古丁则会降低）或第三个变量（如压力、酒精）的共同作用可能解释了这种关系。在戒烟者中，血液中的咖啡因水平会升高，并在长达6个月的时间内保持在较高水平。这些较高的咖啡因血浆水平可能足以引发咖啡因中毒综合征。一项对86项关于尼古丁戒断、咖啡因戒断和咖啡因中毒研究的综述表明，这些症状相似到足以让人混淆，并且所报告的尼古丁戒断症状可能是尼古丁戒断和咖啡因中毒的混合症状。
