Parental upset associated with participation in induction of anaesthesia in children.

To evaluate the magnitude of parental upset associated with (1) the features of induction most upsetting to parents; (2) the characteristics of parents most likely to become upset; and (3) the accuracy of the anaesthetist's perception of the magnitude of parental upset. The parents (101 mothers and 43 fathers) of 103 children scheduled for elective outpatient surgery requiring general anaesthesia with induction by mask were asked on admission to participate in this study. Parents and children were educated about anaesthesia and surgery according to unit protocols. Immediately after induction of anaesthesia, the parents were asked to complete a demographic information sheet and the Parental Reactions to Anesthesia Induction Questionnaire. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The most upsetting factors for both mothers and fathers in order of significance were: (1) separation from the child after induction of anaesthesia; (2) watching/feeling the child go limp during induction; and (3) seeing the child upset before induction. Characteristics of parents most likely to become upset revealed positive correlations between the amount of upset between mothers and fathers, mothers of an only child, and mothers or fathers who were health care workers (P < 0.05). The anaesthetist's perception of upset correlated with maternal (P < 0.05), but not parental, self-assessment of upset. We conclude that selected factors of parental participation are upsetting for the parents and that recognizing the factors associated with parental upset may enable operating room personnel to minimize these negative consequences.