McPhillips J B, Eaton C B, Gans K M, Derby C A, Lasater T M, McKenney J L, Carleton R A
Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1994 Mar;94(3):287-92. doi: 10.1016/0002-8223(94)90370-0.
Previous studies based on 24-hour dietary recall data have shown that smokers tend to consume less healthful diets than nonsmokers. We tested this hypothesis using data from food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in a group of men and women.
Characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers were compared using data collected from a cross-sectional household health survey.
Adults aged 18 through 64 years from two communities in southeastern New England were randomly selected for the study and interviewed in their homes by trained personnel. The interview included questions on demographic and behavioral characteristics. Height, weight, blood pressure, and serum lipids were measured using standard protocols. The Willett FFQ was completed by 1,608 of 2,531 eligible respondents who made up our study sample.
Respondents were categorized as current cigarette smokers or nonsmokers. Demographic, behavioral, physiologic, and dietary characteristics were compared between smokers and nonsmokers by analysis of covariance with age as the covariate.
Eligible respondents who did not complete the FFQ differed from respondents with respect to age, gender, smoking prevalence, and several other demographic characteristics. Smokers consumed more energy, fat, alcohol, and caffeine than nonsmokers. Smoking status was inversely associated with intake of vitamins A and C, dietary fiber, folate, and iron among women, whereas differences were smaller and not significant among men. Women who smoked consumed fewer servings of fruits and vegetables than nonsmokers, but this trend was not noted in men. The association between diet and smoking was only slightly diminished by multivariate adjustment for age, income, regular exercise, marital status, and working status but most clinically relevant associations remained. The interaction between gender and smoking was not statistically significant for most dietary variables.
These results suggest that health promotion messages targeted to smokers should include dietary instructions, especially for women.
以往基于24小时膳食回顾数据的研究表明，吸烟者的饮食健康程度往往低于不吸烟者。我们使用一组男性和女性的食物频率问卷（FFQ）数据对这一假设进行了检验。
利用一项横断面家庭健康调查收集的数据，比较吸烟者和不吸烟者的特征。
从新英格兰东南部两个社区随机选取18至64岁的成年人参与研究，并由经过培训的人员在其家中进行访谈。访谈内容包括有关人口统计学和行为特征的问题。使用标准方案测量身高、体重、血压和血脂。在2531名符合条件的受访者中，有1608人完成了威尔特食物频率问卷，构成了我们的研究样本。
将受访者分为当前吸烟者或不吸烟者。以年龄作为协变量，通过协方差分析比较吸烟者和不吸烟者在人口统计学、行为、生理和饮食特征方面的差异。
未完成食物频率问卷的符合条件受访者在年龄、性别、吸烟率和其他一些人口统计学特征方面与完成问卷的受访者不同。吸烟者比不吸烟者摄入更多的能量、脂肪、酒精和咖啡因。吸烟状况与女性维生素A和C、膳食纤维、叶酸和铁的摄入量呈负相关，而男性之间的差异较小且不显著。吸烟的女性比不吸烟的女性食用的水果和蔬菜份数更少，但男性中未发现这种趋势。在对年龄、收入、定期锻炼、婚姻状况和工作状况进行多变量调整后，饮食与吸烟之间的关联仅略有减弱，但大多数具有临床意义的关联仍然存在。对于大多数饮食变量，性别与吸烟之间的交互作用无统计学意义。
这些结果表明，针对吸烟者的健康促进信息应包括饮食指导，尤其是对女性而言。
