Ma J, Hampl J S, Betts N M
Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and the Department of Nutrition, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):774-80. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.774.
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for several chronic oxidative diseases that can be ameliorated by antioxidants.
This study identified the typical dietary intakes and the major food group contributors of the antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E by smoking status.
The 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the current sample (n = 6749), who were categorized as non- (n = 3231), former (n = 1684), and current (n = 1834) smokers. In the CSFII, individuals' food intakes were estimated with two 24-h dietary recalls. Data were analyzed by using a chi-square test with a simultaneous Fisher's z test, analysis of variance with Scheffe's test, multivariate analysis of covariance, and analysis of covariance with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.
The sample consisted of 3707 men and 3042 women. Current smokers tended to be younger with less education and lower incomes than nonsmokers and former smokers. The average body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of current smokers was 25.8, the lowest of the 3 groups. Current smokers had the lowest dietary antioxidant intake. Fatty foods such as luncheon meats, condiments and salad dressings, and ground beef contributed more to the antioxidant intakes of current smokers than to those of the other 2 groups, whereas fruit and vegetables contributed less. Current smokers consumed the fewest numbers of servings of all nutrient-bearing groups in the food guide pyramid, except the meat group.
Future interventions should target the clustering of cigarette smoking and other unhealthy lifestyle habits, eg, an imprudent diet.
吸烟是多种慢性氧化疾病的主要危险因素，而抗氧化剂可改善这些疾病。
本研究按吸烟状况确定了抗氧化剂β-胡萝卜素、维生素C和维生素E的典型膳食摄入量及主要食物来源。
1994 - 1996年个人食物摄入量持续调查（CSFII）提供了当前样本（n = 6749），分为从不吸烟者（n = 3231）、曾经吸烟者（n = 1684）和当前吸烟者（n = 1834）。在CSFII中，通过两次24小时膳食回顾来估算个人食物摄入量。数据采用卡方检验并同时进行费舍尔z检验、方差分析并进行谢费检验、多变量协方差分析以及经邦费罗尼校正用于多重比较的协方差分析。
样本包括3707名男性和3042名女性。当前吸烟者往往比不吸烟者和曾经吸烟者更年轻，受教育程度更低，收入也更低。当前吸烟者的平均体重指数（kg/m²）为25.8，是三组中最低的。当前吸烟者的膳食抗氧化剂摄入量最低。午餐肉、调味品和沙拉酱以及碎牛肉等脂肪类食物对当前吸烟者抗氧化剂摄入量的贡献高于其他两组，而水果和蔬菜贡献较少。除肉类组外，当前吸烟者在食物指南金字塔中摄入的所有营养类食物份数最少。
未来的干预措施应针对吸烟与其他不健康生活方式习惯（如不合理饮食）的聚集情况。
