Russell J A
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4.
Psychol Bull. 1994 Jan;115(1):102-41. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102.
Emotions are universally recognized from facial expressions--or so it has been claimed. To support that claim, research has been carried out in various modern cultures and in cultures relatively isolated from Western influence. A review of the methods used in that research raises questions of its ecological, convergent, and internal validity. Forced-choice response format, within-subject design, preselected photographs of posed facial expressions, and other features of method are each problematic. When they are altered, less supportive or nonsupportive results occur. When they are combined, these method factors may help to shape the results. Facial expressions and emotion labels are probably associated, but the association may vary with culture and is loose enough to be consistent with various alternative accounts, 8 of which are discussed.
人们普遍认为情感可以从面部表情中识别出来——至少一直有人这样宣称。为了支持这一说法，已经在各种现代文化以及相对不受西方影响的文化中开展了研究。对该研究中所使用方法的回顾引发了有关其生态效度、聚合效度和内部效度的问题。强制选择反应格式、被试内设计、预先选定的摆拍面部表情照片以及方法的其他特征都存在问题。当这些因素发生改变时，就会出现支持性较弱或不支持的结果。当它们结合在一起时，这些方法因素可能会对结果产生影响。面部表情和情感标签可能有关联，但这种关联可能因文化而异，并且关联程度足够松散，与多种不同的解释相一致，本文讨论了其中的8种解释。
