Nathanson N, McGann K A, Wilesmith J, Desrosiers R C, Brookmeyer R
Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
Virus Res. 1993 Jul;29(1):3-20. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(93)90122-4.
The evolution of virus diseases, both their emergence and disappearance, involves complex interactions between the agent, the host, and the environment. These themes are illustrated by three examples, poliomyelitis of humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, and AIDS of humans. Emergence may be due to evolution of the virus genome, such as probably occurred in parvovirus infection of dogs and human immunodeficiency virus infection of humans. However, emergence of some new viral diseases can be traced to host or environmental factors with no change in the agent. Poliomyelitis, an enteric infection, probably emerged as an epidemic disease due to improvements in personal hygiene and public sanitation which led to a delay in the occurrence of initial infections from the perinatal period (when maternal antibody protected against paralysis) to later childhood when passive immunity had waned. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a common source epidemic which was transmitted through nutritional supplements which became contaminated due to a change in the method of production of bone meal supplements in rendering plants. The reduction of disappearance of virus diseases usually involves human intervention, as exemplified by immunization for smallpox and other virus diseases of humans and animals. Naturally occurring immunity may lead to fadeout of a virus as seen with measles in isolated island populations. Evolution of a virus can also result in waning of a disease as seen with myxomatosis among rabbits in Australia. The evolution of virus diseases is a provocative scientific topic and carries lessons relevant to the control of important diseases of humans, animals, and plants.
病毒疾病的演变，包括其出现和消失，涉及病原体、宿主和环境之间的复杂相互作用。人类脊髓灰质炎、牛海绵状脑病和人类艾滋病这三个例子说明了这些主题。疾病的出现可能是由于病毒基因组的进化，比如犬细小病毒感染和人类免疫缺陷病毒感染可能就是如此。然而，一些新病毒疾病的出现可追溯到宿主或环境因素，而病原体并无变化。脊髓灰质炎是一种肠道感染疾病，它可能作为一种流行病出现，原因是个人卫生和公共卫生条件的改善，这导致初始感染从围产期（此时母体抗体可预防麻痹）推迟到儿童后期，此时被动免疫已经减弱。牛海绵状脑病是一种通过营养补充剂传播的共同来源流行病，由于提炼厂骨粉补充剂生产方法的改变，营养补充剂受到了污染。病毒疾病消失的减少通常涉及人为干预，如人类和动物的天花及其他病毒疾病的免疫接种就是例证。自然产生的免疫力可能导致病毒消失，如在与世隔绝的岛屿人群中麻疹的情况。病毒的进化也可能导致疾病减弱，如澳大利亚兔子中的黏液瘤病。病毒疾病的演变是一个引人深思的科学话题，且蕴含着与控制人类、动物和植物的重要疾病相关的经验教训。
