King J C, Butte N F, Bronstein M N, Kopp L E, Lindquist S A
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Feb;59(2 Suppl):439S-445S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/59.2.439S.
Additional energy requirements for term pregnancies are traditionally estimated as 1200 kJ/d or 325 MJ. These estimates approximate measured energy costs for well-nourished women, but non-Western populations subsisting on limited diets have much lower expenditures. Based on recent studies of energy expenditure during pregnancy, this paper reviews the 1) association between gestational weight gain and fat gain, 2) the influence of maternal energy status on basal metabolic energy expenditure in late pregnancy, and 3) potential energy metabolism adaptations available to pregnant women and how adaptations vary with energy status. Available data suggest that additional energy requirements during pregnancy vary from 0 to 500 MJ and depend on maternal energy status. If energy supplies are limited, adaptations spare energy for fetal growth; if energy is abundant, energy balance may be achieved in different ways depending on individual behavioral changes in food intake or activity patterns and on adjustments in basal metabolism or fat deposition.
足月妊娠额外的能量需求传统上估计为1200千焦/天或325兆焦。这些估计值接近营养良好女性测得的能量消耗，但饮食有限的非西方人群的能量消耗要低得多。基于近期关于孕期能量消耗的研究，本文综述了：1）孕期体重增加与脂肪增加之间的关联；2）孕晚期母体能量状态对基础代谢能量消耗的影响；3）孕妇可用的潜在能量代谢适应性变化以及这些适应性变化如何随能量状态而不同。现有数据表明，孕期额外的能量需求在0至500兆焦之间变化，且取决于母体能量状态。如果能量供应有限，适应性变化会节省能量以供胎儿生长；如果能量充足，能量平衡可能通过不同方式实现，这取决于食物摄入量或活动模式方面的个体行为变化以及基础代谢或脂肪沉积的调整。
