Zelinski E M, Gilewski M J, Schaie K W
School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0191.
Psychol Aging. 1993 Jun;8(2):176-86. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.176.
This article reports individual differences analyses of performance on list and prose memory tasks for 250 men and 258 women aged 55-84. Being retested, higher reasoning and vocabulary scores, and female gender predicted better prose recall and list recognition performance. For list recall, retest status, age, years of schooling, and gender, as well as reasoning and vocabulary, were reliable independent predictors. After 3 years, 106 men and 121 women returned for a retest. Analysis of individual differences in 3-year performance indicated that, once Time 1 performance had been partialed, individual change could be predicted by age or reasoning, but neither variable uniquely accounted for change. Analysis of data of individuals who experienced considerable decline or improvement in 3-year scores indicated that decline was consistently associated with advanced age. Ramifications for theoretical models in memory research are discussed.
本文报告了对250名年龄在55至84岁之间的男性和258名同龄女性在列表和散文记忆任务中的表现进行的个体差异分析。再次测试时，较高的推理和词汇分数以及女性性别预示着更好的散文回忆和列表识别表现。对于列表回忆，再次测试状态、年龄、受教育年限、性别以及推理和词汇都是可靠的独立预测因素。三年后，106名男性和121名女性返回接受再次测试。对三年表现中的个体差异分析表明，一旦排除了第一次测试时的表现，个体变化可以由年龄或推理预测，但没有一个变量能唯一解释变化。对三年分数有显著下降或提高的个体数据的分析表明，下降始终与高龄相关。文中还讨论了对记忆研究理论模型的影响。
