Shanan J
Die Hebräische Universität, Jerusalem, Israel.
Z Gerontol. 1993 May-Jun;26(3):151-5.
The Jerusalem Study of Midadulthood and Aging (JESMA) was started in 1967, and terminated in the mid 1980s. It involved the longitudinal assessment by intelligence and personality tests, as well as by interview, of over 220 urban participants ranging in age from 46 to 65 at first measurement point. Sex, educational level (6-10 vs 10 or more years) and cultural origin (european vs afro-asian) were represented equally in a design which allowed for control of age and birthcohorts in addition to socioeconomic and cultural background variables. Sequential analyses of data obtained at three measurement points demonstrated the central role of educational level as determinant of the course of development. As in similar European and US studies these analyses also showed only a very slight drop of meanvalues in selected cognitive and personality functions. The use of an especially constructed, age appropriate, 82-item Jerusalem-Q-sort allowed identification of four personality types which could be followed up over the years, revealing individual patterns of development. The main conclusions of the study were that the course of development during the later years depends greatly on personality type as delineated by coping style and self consistency, as well as on the cultural conditions under which development takes place.
耶路撒冷成年期与衰老研究（JESMA）始于1967年，于20世纪80年代中期结束。该研究通过智力和人格测试以及访谈，对最初测量时年龄在46至65岁之间的220多名城市参与者进行了纵向评估。在一项设计中，性别、教育水平（6 - 10年与10年或以上）和文化起源（欧洲与亚非）得到了平等体现，该设计除了能控制社会经济和文化背景变量外，还能控制年龄和出生队列。对在三个测量点获得的数据进行的序列分析表明，教育水平作为发展进程的决定因素发挥着核心作用。与欧洲和美国的类似研究一样，这些分析还表明，在选定的认知和人格功能方面，平均值仅有非常轻微的下降。使用特别构建的、适合年龄的82项耶路撒冷Q分类法，能够识别出四种人格类型，并对其进行多年跟踪，揭示个体发展模式。该研究的主要结论是，晚年的发展进程在很大程度上取决于由应对方式和自我一致性所描绘的人格类型，以及发展所处的文化条件。
