Hamm A O, Greenwald M K, Bradley M M, Lang P J
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Giessen, Germany.
J Abnorm Psychol. 1993 Aug;102(3):453-65. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.102.3.453.
A multiple-response analysis of aversive learning was conducted in human subjects. For each subject, two pictorial stimuli were presented--one paired with electric shock. After training, the magnitude of the acoustic startle eyeblink reflex elicited in the context of the shocked picture increased dramatically and was significantly larger than for reflexes elicited during the nonshocked stimulus. Five different picture contents were tested in separate groups: Reflex potentiation was larger for pictures rated as pleasant than pictures rated as unpleasant. Conditioned responses were also evident for skin conductance, heart rate, and affective judgments. Different systems reflected different aspects of the acquired fear response: Conductance change covaried with arousal, and startle probe magnitude varied with affective valence (pleasure). The neurophysiological implications of the data are elucidated, and parallels drawn between animal and human subjects findings.
对人类受试者进行了厌恶学习的多重反应分析。对于每个受试者，呈现两个图像刺激——其中一个与电击配对。训练后，在呈现电击图像的情境中诱发的听觉惊跳眨眼反射的幅度显著增加，且明显大于在未电击刺激期间诱发的反射。在不同组中测试了五种不同的图片内容：被评为令人愉快的图片比被评为令人不快的图片引起的反射增强更大。皮肤电传导、心率和情感判断方面也出现了条件反应。不同的系统反映了习得性恐惧反应的不同方面：电传导变化与唤醒相关，惊跳探测幅度随情感效价（愉悦度）而变化。阐明了这些数据的神经生理学意义，并对动物和人类受试者的研究结果进行了比较。
