Ader R, Cohen N
Department of Psychiatry and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642.
Annu Rev Psychol. 1993;44:53-85. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000413.
The acquisition and extinction of the conditioned suppression or enhancement of one or another parameter of antigen-specific and nonspecific defense system responses have been documented in different species under a variety of experimental conditions. Similarly, stressful stimulation influences antigen-specific as well as nonspecific reactions. Moreover, both conditioning and stressful stimulation exert biologically meaningful effects in the sense that they can alter the development and/or progression of what are presumed to be immunologically mediated pathophysiologic processes. These are highly reproducible phenomena that illustrate a functional relationship between the brain and the immune system. However, the extent to which one can generalize from one stressor to another or from one parameter of immunologic reactivity to another is limited. Few generalizations are possible because the direction and/or magnitude of the effects of conditioning and "stress" in modulating immune responses clearly depend on the quality and quantity of the behavioral interventions, the quality and quantity of antigenic stimulation, the temporal relationship between behavioral and antigenic stimulation, the nature of the immune response and the immune compartment in which it is measured, the time of sampling, a variety of host factors (e.g. species, strain, age, sex), and interactions among these several variables. It seems reasonable to assume that the immunologic effects of behaviorally induced neural and endocrine responses depend on (interact with) the concurrent immunologic events upon which they are superimposed. Conversely, the efficacy of immunologic defense mechanisms seems to depend on the neuroendocrine environment on which they are superimposed. We seek to determine when and what immunologic (or neuroendocrine) responses could be affected by what neuroendocrine (or immunologic) circumstances. We therefore need studies that provide a parametric analysis of the stimulus conditions, the neuroendocrine and/or immunologic state upon which they are superimposed, and the responses that are being sampled. The neural or neuroendocrine pathways involved in the behavioral alteration of immune responses are not yet known. Both conditioning and stressor-induced effects have been hypothesized to result from the action of adrenocortical steroids, opioids, and catecholamines, among others. Indeed, all of these have been implicated in the mediation of some immunologic effects observed under some experimental conditions. We assume that different conditioning and stressful environmental circumstances induce different constellations of neuroendocrine responses that constitute the milieu within which ongoing immunologic reactions and the response to immunologic signals occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
在各种实验条件下，不同物种体内已记录到抗原特异性和非特异性防御系统反应的一个或另一个参数的条件性抑制或增强的获得与消退。同样，应激刺激会影响抗原特异性以及非特异性反应。此外，条件作用和应激刺激都具有生物学意义上的效应，因为它们可以改变被认为是免疫介导的病理生理过程的发展和/或进程。这些都是高度可重复的现象，说明了大脑与免疫系统之间的功能关系。然而，从一种应激源推广到另一种应激源，或者从免疫反应的一个参数推广到另一个参数的程度是有限的。很少能进行一般性归纳，因为条件作用和“应激”在调节免疫反应中的效应方向和/或大小显然取决于行为干预的质量和数量、抗原刺激的质量和数量、行为与抗原刺激之间的时间关系、免疫反应的性质以及测量免疫反应的免疫区室、采样时间、各种宿主因素（如物种、品系、年龄、性别）以及这些变量之间的相互作用。合理的假设是，行为诱导的神经和内分泌反应的免疫效应取决于（并与）它们所叠加的同时发生的免疫事件相互作用。相反，免疫防御机制的功效似乎取决于它们所叠加的神经内分泌环境。我们试图确定何时以及何种免疫（或神经内分泌）反应会受到何种神经内分泌（或免疫）环境的影响。因此，我们需要进行一些研究，对刺激条件、它们所叠加的神经内分泌和/或免疫状态以及所采样的反应进行参数分析。参与免疫反应行为改变的神经或神经内分泌途径尚不清楚。条件作用和应激源诱导的效应都被假设是由肾上腺皮质类固醇、阿片类药物和儿茶酚胺等的作用引起的。事实上，在某些实验条件下观察到的一些免疫效应的介导过程中都涉及到了所有这些物质。我们假设不同的条件作用和应激环境会诱导不同的神经内分泌反应组合，这些组合构成了正在进行的免疫反应和对免疫信号的反应发生的环境。（摘要截选至400词）
