Gene replacement in Halobacterium halobium and expression of bacteriorhodopsin mutants.

A gene replacement method has been developed to express bacteriorhodopsin mutants in the archaeon Halobacterium halobium. Selectable plasmids carrying the bacterioopsin gene (bop) were integrated at the chromosomal bop locus of H. halobium. Under nonselective conditions, recombinants were isolated that had lost the integrated plasmid and retained a single chromosomal copy of the bop gene. This approach was used to construct a bop deletion strain. By using this strain, recombinants were obtained that express wild-type bacteriorhodopsin and mutants known to be defective in proton translocation. The expressed proteins were purified in a membrane fraction similar to purple membrane and were characterized in this form. UV/visible spectra of dark- and light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin from wild-type and Asp-96 mutants were identical to those of purple membrane. Arg-82, Asp-85, and Asp-212 mutants had 10- to 50-nm red shifts in their absorption maxima and showed altered light adaptation. The proton translocation activity of the wild-type samples and purple membrane was comparable, whereas the mutants had 0-60% of wild-type activity. These results support earlier studies of proton translocation mutants expressed in Escherichia coli.