Huisman M, Eerenstein S E, Koopman-Esseboom C, Brouwer M, Fidler V, Muskiet F A, Sauer P J, Boersma E R
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 1995 Nov;31(10):4273-87. doi: 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00296-k.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) are potentially hazardous compounds. Since food is the major source (> 90%) for the accumulation of PCBs and dioxins in the human body, food habits in women determine the degree of fetal exposure and levels in human milk. In order to investigate an association between dietary intake and PCB and dioxin levels in human milk and PCB levels in maternal and cord plasma, the food intake of 418 Dutch women during pregnancy was recorded using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. After adjusting for covariates, a weak association was found between the estimated dietary intake of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), dioxins, and planar PCBs and their corresponding levels in breast milk. The estimated dietary intake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, dioxins, and planar PCBs was also related to the PCB levels in maternal and cord plasma. Dairy products accounted for about half and industrial oils for about a quarter of the estimated 2,3,7,8-TCDD, dioxin, and the planar PCB intake. It is concluded that the contribution of a pregnancy related diet to PCB and dioxin levels in human milk and to PCB levels in maternal and cord plasma is relatively low. Decrease of exposure to PCBs and dioxins of the fetus and the neonate probably requires long-term reduction of the intake of these pollutants. Substitution of normal cheese by low-fat cheese and the use of vegetable oils instead of fish oils in the preparation of foodstuffs by the food industry could contribute to a reduced intake of PCBs and dioxins.
多氯联苯（PCBs）和二噁英（多氯代二苯并 - 对 - 二噁英和二苯并呋喃）是潜在的有害化合物。由于食物是人体中多氯联苯和二噁英积累的主要来源（>90%），女性的饮食习惯决定了胎儿接触的程度以及母乳中的含量。为了研究饮食摄入量与母乳中多氯联苯和二噁英水平以及母体和脐带血血浆中多氯联苯水平之间的关联，使用半定量食物频率问卷记录了418名荷兰女性孕期的食物摄入量。在对协变量进行调整后，发现估计的2,3,7,8 - 四氯二苯并 - 对 - 二噁英（2,3,7,8 - TCDD）、二噁英和平面多氯联苯的饮食摄入量与母乳中它们的相应水平之间存在微弱关联。估计的2,3,7,8 - TCDD、二噁英和平面多氯联苯的饮食摄入量也与母体和脐带血血浆中的多氯联苯水平有关。乳制品约占估计的2,3,7,8 - TCDD、二噁英和平面多氯联苯摄入量的一半，工业用油约占四分之一。结论是，与怀孕相关的饮食对母乳中多氯联苯和二噁英水平以及母体和脐带血血浆中多氯联苯水平的贡献相对较低。减少胎儿和新生儿对多氯联苯和二噁英的接触可能需要长期减少这些污染物的摄入量。食品工业用低脂奶酪替代普通奶酪以及在食品制备中使用植物油而非鱼油有助于减少多氯联苯和二噁英的摄入量。
