Rabbitt P, Donlan C, Watson P, McInnes L, Bent N
Age and Cognitive Performance Research Centre, University of Manchester, England.
Psychol Aging. 1995 Sep;10(3):307-13. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.10.3.307.
A sample of 4,243 residents of Manchester, England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, aged 50 to 93 years, completed the Beck Depression Scale (A.T. Beck, C.H. Ward, M. Mendelson, J. Mock, & J. Erbaugh, 1961) and a battery of 6 different cognitive tests. Beck scores were low, indicating gradations of dysphoria rather than clinical depression. Beck scores did not vary with age but were significantly higher for women than for men and for disadvantaged than for advantaged socioeconomic groups. Measures of fluid, but not of crystallized, ability declined as age increased. Socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with poorer performance on all cognitive tests. Men scored higher on a test of spatial reasoning, and women scored higher on a test of word definition and on 2 tests of verbal memory and learning. However, after variance associated with all these demographic and individual-difference variables was considered, and within a range indicative of dysphoria rather than clinical depression, higher Beck scores were associated with significantly poorer performance on both crystallized and fluid measures of cognitive ability. This association was less marked in women than in men, but age, socioeconomic advantage, and estimated lifetime intellectual ability did not act as protective or risk factors for vulnerability of cognitive processes to dysphoria.
对4243名年龄在50至93岁之间的英国曼彻斯特和泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔居民进行了抽样调查，他们完成了贝克抑郁量表（A.T.贝克、C.H.沃德、M.门德尔松、J.莫克和J.埃尔鲍，1961年）以及一系列6种不同的认知测试。贝克评分较低，表明是烦躁不安的不同程度，而非临床抑郁症。贝克评分不随年龄变化，但女性得分显著高于男性，社会经济地位不利群体得分高于有利群体。随着年龄增长，流体智力（而非晶体智力）的测量值下降。社会经济劣势与所有认知测试中的较差表现相关。男性在空间推理测试中得分较高，女性在单词定义测试以及两项言语记忆和学习测试中得分较高。然而，在考虑了与所有这些人口统计学和个体差异变量相关的方差后，在表明烦躁不安而非临床抑郁症的范围内，较高的贝克评分与晶体智力和流体智力测量方面的显著较差表现相关。这种关联在女性中不如在男性中明显，但年龄、社会经济优势和估计的终身智力能力并未作为认知过程易受烦躁不安影响的保护因素或风险因素。
