Schwartz D L
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.
Mem Cognit. 1995 Nov;23(6):709-22. doi: 10.3758/bf03200924.
Research on picture perception and picture-based problem solving has generally considered the information that enables one to "see" and think about a picture's subject matter. However, people often reason about a picture or representation as the referent itself. The question addressed here is whether pictorial features themselves help determine when one reasons about the referent of an image, as with an engrossing movie, and when one reasons about the image in its own right, as with abstract art. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that pictures with relatively high fidelity to their referents lead people to think about those referents, whereas pictures with relatively low fidelity lead people to think about the picture as a referent. Subjects determined whether marks on the bottom and top boards of an open hinge would meet if the hinge were closed. Accuracy and latency results indicated that subjects who saw realistic displays simulated the physical behavior of the hinge through analog imagery. In contrast, subjects who saw schematic displays tended to reason about static features of the display such as line lengths and angles. The results demonstrate that researchers must be cautious when generalizing from reasoning about diagrammatic materials to reasoning about the referents themselves.
关于图片感知和基于图片的问题解决的研究通常考虑的是使人能够“看到”并思考图片主题的信息。然而，人们常常将图片或表征本身视为所指对象。这里探讨的问题是，图片特征本身是否有助于确定在何种情况下人们会像看一部引人入胜的电影那样思考图像的所指对象，以及在何种情况下人们会像对待抽象艺术那样就图像本身进行思考。两项实验对以下假设进行了测试：与所指对象保真度相对较高的图片会引导人们思考那些所指对象，而保真度相对较低的图片会引导人们将图片本身视为所指对象。实验对象要确定如果铰链关闭，开口铰链上下板上的标记是否会相交。准确性和反应时间结果表明，观看逼真展示的实验对象通过模拟图像来模拟铰链的物理行为。相比之下，观看示意性展示的实验对象倾向于思考展示的静态特征，如线的长度和角度。结果表明，研究人员在从关于图表材料的推理推广到关于所指对象本身的推理时必须谨慎。
