Kaniasty K, Norris F H
Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana 15705, USA.
Am J Community Psychol. 1995 Aug;23(4):447-77. doi: 10.1007/BF02506964.
Twelve months after Hurricane Hugo, 1,000 disaster victims and nonvictims were asked about social support they exchanged following the hurricane. Victims of disaster received and provided very high levels of tangible, informational, and emotional support. Disaster exposure (loss and harm) was a strong predictor of help received and a modest predictor of help provided. However, postdisaster help was not distributed equally and disaster exposure was more strongly related to social support in some groups than in others. Race, education, and age most consistently moderated the impact of disaster exposure on receipt of postdisaster support. Blacks and less educated victims received less help than similarly affected victims who were white or more educated. Relative disadvantage of being old in receiving support was not the case for those elderly disaster victims who experienced threats to their lives or health. Some subgroups of victims were relied upon disproportionately for providing assistance. Implications for social support research are addressed.
雨果飓风过后十二个月，研究人员询问了1000名灾难受害者和非受害者在飓风过后所交换的社会支持情况。灾难受害者获得并提供了非常高水平的物质、信息和情感支持。灾难暴露（损失和伤害）是获得帮助的有力预测指标，也是提供帮助的适度预测指标。然而，灾后帮助的分配并不均等，在某些群体中，灾难暴露与社会支持的关联比在其他群体中更为紧密。种族、教育程度和年龄最能持续调节灾难暴露对灾后支持接收的影响。与受影响程度相似的白人或受教育程度较高的受害者相比，黑人及受教育程度较低的受害者获得的帮助更少。对于那些生命或健康受到威胁的老年灾难受害者来说，在获得支持方面年龄较大的相对劣势并不存在。一些受害者子群体在提供援助方面承担了不成比例的负担。文中还探讨了对社会支持研究的启示。
