Zahm S H, Devesa S S
Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Sep;103 Suppl 6(Suppl 6):177-84. doi: 10.1289/ehp.95103s6177.
An estimated 8000 children 0 to 14 years of age are diagnosed annually with cancer in the United States. Leukemia and brain tumors are the most common childhood malignancies, accounting for 30 and 20% of newly diagnosed cases, respectively. From 1975 to 1978 to 1987 to 1990, cancer among white children increased slightly from 12.8 to 14.1/100,000. Increases are suggested for leukemia, gliomas, and, to a much lesser extent, Wilms' tumor. There are a few well-established environmental causes of childhood cancer such as radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, and diethylstilbestrol. Many other agents such as electromagnetic fields, pesticides, and some parental occupational exposures are suspected of playing roles, but the evidence is not conclusive at this time. Some childhood exposures such as secondhand cigarette smoke may contribute to cancers that develop many years after childhood. For some exposures such as radiation and pesticides data suggest that children may be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects than similarly exposed adults.
在美国，估计每年有8000名0至14岁的儿童被诊断出患有癌症。白血病和脑肿瘤是最常见的儿童恶性肿瘤，分别占新诊断病例的30%和20%。从1975年至1978年到1987年至1990年，白人儿童中的癌症发病率从12.8/10万略有上升至14.1/10万。白血病、神经胶质瘤以及在程度上小得多的威尔姆斯瘤的发病率有所上升。儿童癌症有一些已明确的环境病因，如辐射、化疗药物和己烯雌酚。许多其他因素，如电磁场、杀虫剂以及一些父母的职业暴露，被怀疑与此有关，但目前证据并不确凿。一些儿童时期的暴露，如二手烟，可能会导致在儿童时期多年后才发生的癌症。对于一些暴露因素，如辐射和杀虫剂，数据表明儿童可能比同样暴露的成年人更容易受到致癌作用的影响。
