The two-stage model of lexical retrieval: evidence from a case of anomia with selective preservation of grammatical gender.

The two-stage theory of lexical production distinguishes the retrieval of lemmas from the subsequent retrieval of the forms of words. The information made available by lemma retrieval includes semantic and grammatical details that are specific to a particular word, but not the direct specification of its phonological or orthographic form. This theory makes very strong predictions regarding the dissociability of these information types. In this report, we present the case of an Italian anomic patient whose performance bears on these predictions. In various naming tasks this patient's intact ability to identify the grammatical gender of words that he cannot produce stands in stark contrast with his inability to provide any information regarding particular lexical forms. We document the reliability of this performance pattern, and we discuss the significance of this pattern both in terms of the support it provides for the two-stage theory of lexical retrieval and in terms of the evidence it furnishes regarding the mental specification of grammatical information.