Kuhnlein H V, Soueida R, Receveur O
Centre for Nutrition and the Environment of Indigenous Peoples, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Feb;96(2):155-62. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00045-4.
To compare the effect of food source (traditional or market), season (six seasons), and age (five age groups) on dietary nutrient patterns of Inuit living in Baffin Island, Canada.
Twenty-four-hour recall interviews of all residents who had lived > or = 3 years in this one community in each of six seasons. Foods that were recalled were divided by source.
SETTING/SUBJECTS: The study took place in the Inuit community of Qikiqtarjuaq, which harvests the highest quantity of wildlife per capita of all Baffin communities. Three hundred sixty-six residents contributed a total of 1,410 recalls: 401 from nonpregnant, nonlactating adult women, 74 from pregnant women, 301 from adult men, 451 from children aged 3 to 12 years, and 183 from teenagers aged 13 to 19 years. Participation was voluntary and averaged 65% to 75% of residents.
Energy, total dry weight of food, and dietary nutrients (ie, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, vitamin A, iron, copper, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium) were measured by food source, season, and age. Nutrient density (nutrient per 1,000 kcal) was calculated in traditional and market food sources. Selected nutrients were computed in total diets, and compared with Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs).
Tests for normality of the distribution of nutrient intakes (ie, Shapiro-Wilk statistic) were performed followed by nonparametric analyses (ie, Wilcoxon paired-sample t test, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, and adjustment for Bonferroni inequalities resulting from multiple comparisons).
Most nutrient intakes were significantly different by food source (P < .05). Traditional food contributed more protein, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, and vitamin A for several age groups. Market food contributed greater amounts of dry weight, energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, and sodium for most age groups. Seasonal variation (P < .05) existed for nutrients coming from traditional and market food. Of the 10 nutrients assessed for nutrient density, all except calcium and sodium were present in greater amounts in traditional food than in market food (P < .05). Calcium and vitamin A intakes fell below 66.6% of the RDAs for more than 60% of the population.
The comprehensive view of nutrient profiles, food source, and seasonality of Inuit diets will assist health professionals in developing nutrition promotion and education programs for all age groups of this population. Traditional food is an essential source of the total annual dietary nutrient intake of Inuit. Results indicated, however, that calcium and vitamin A intake must be improved.
比较食物来源（传统或市场）、季节（六个季节）和年龄（五个年龄组）对居住在加拿大巴芬岛的因纽特人饮食营养模式的影响。
对在六个季节中每个季节都在这个社区居住≥3年的所有居民进行24小时回忆访谈。回忆起的食物按来源分类。
地点/研究对象：研究在基吉塔鲁阿夸因纽特社区进行，该社区人均野生动物捕获量在所有巴芬社区中最高。366名居民共提供了1410份回忆记录：401份来自非孕、非哺乳期成年女性，74份来自孕妇，301份来自成年男性，451份来自3至12岁儿童，183份来自13至19岁青少年。参与是自愿的，居民参与率平均为65%至75%。
按食物来源、季节和年龄测量能量、食物总干重和膳食营养素（即碳水化合物、蛋白质、总脂肪、饱和脂肪、多不饱和脂肪、维生素A、铁、铜、锌、钙、磷、镁和钠）。计算传统和市场食物来源的营养密度（每1000千卡营养素含量）。计算总饮食中的选定营养素，并与推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）进行比较。
对营养素摄入量分布的正态性进行检验（即Shapiro-Wilk统计量），随后进行非参数分析（即Wilcoxon配对样本t检验、Kruskal-Wallis方差分析以及对多重比较产生的Bonferroni不等式进行校正）。
大多数营养素摄入量因食物来源不同而有显著差异（P<.05）。传统食物为几个年龄组提供了更多的蛋白质、磷、铁、锌、铜、镁和维生素A。市场食物为大多数年龄组提供了更多的干重、能量、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙和钠。来自传统和市场食物的营养素存在季节性变化（P<.05）。在评估营养密度的10种营养素中，除钙和钠外，传统食物中的其他营养素含量均高于市场食物（P<.05）。超过60%的人群钙和维生素A摄入量低于RDA的66.6%。
对因纽特人饮食的营养状况、食物来源和季节性的全面了解将有助于卫生专业人员为该人群的所有年龄组制定营养促进和教育计划。传统食物是因纽特人全年膳食营养素摄入的重要来源。然而，结果表明钙和维生素A的摄入量必须提高。
