Cooper M A
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612-7354, USA.
Semin Neurol. 1995 Sep;15(3):268-78. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1041032.
High-voltage electrical injuries may be devastating, with extensive burns, cardiac arrest, amputations, and long, complicated hospitalizations. Low-voltage injuries, after other pathologic and high-voltage sources are ruled out, tend to be rather benign acutely although they may have significant long-term morbidity, including chronic pain syndromes. Lightning injuries affect 800 to 1000 persons per year. In lightning injury, cardiac arrest is the main cause of death, burns tend to be superficial, ad injuries often are what one would expect of short-circuiting or overloading the body's electrical systems (tinnitus, blindness, confusion, amnesia, cardiac arrhythmias, and vascular instability). Although high-voltage injuries may require the services of trauma surgeons, in general, therapy for low-voltage and lightning injury is supportive and involves cardiac resuscitation for the more seriously injured and supportive care for the less severely injured. Long-term problems from sleep disturbances, anxiety attacks, pain syndromes, peripheral nerve damage, fear of storms (for lightning patients), and diffuse neurologic and neuropsychologic damage may occur in both electrical and lightning patients. Other sequelae--such as seizures or severe brain damage from hypoxia during cardiac arrest and spinal artery syndrome from vascular spasm--are indirect results of electrical and lightning injury.
高压电损伤可能具有毁灭性，会导致大面积烧伤、心脏骤停、截肢以及长期复杂的住院治疗。排除其他病理因素和高压源后，低压损伤虽然可能会导致包括慢性疼痛综合征在内的严重长期发病率，但急性时往往较为良性。每年有800至1000人遭受雷击伤害。在雷击伤害中，心脏骤停是主要死因，烧伤往往较浅，且损伤通常是人体电气系统短路或过载所导致的常见情况（耳鸣、失明、意识混乱、失忆、心律失常和血管不稳定）。尽管高压电损伤可能需要创伤外科医生的治疗，但一般来说，低压和雷击伤的治疗以支持性治疗为主，对伤势较重者进行心脏复苏，对伤势较轻者进行支持性护理。电气伤和雷击伤患者都可能出现长期问题，如睡眠障碍、焦虑发作、疼痛综合征、周围神经损伤、对暴风雨的恐惧（雷击患者）以及弥漫性神经和神经心理损伤。其他后遗症，如心脏骤停期间因缺氧导致的癫痫发作或严重脑损伤，以及血管痉挛引起的脊髓动脉综合征，都是电气伤和雷击伤的间接后果。
