Harvey R B, Edrington T S, Kubena L F, Elissalde M H, Rottinghaus G E
USDA-ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
Am J Vet Res. 1995 Dec;56(12):1668-72.
Aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated and fumonisin B1 (FB1)-contaminated (culture material from Fusarium moniliforme) diets were fed singly and in combination to growing cross-bred barrows. Six barrows (3 replicates of 2 each; mean body weight, 17.5 kg) per group were fed: 0 mg of AF and 0 mg of FB1/kg of feed (control); 2.5 mg of AF/kg of feed; 100 mg of FB1/kg of feed; or 2.5 mg of AF plus 100 mg of FB1/kg of feed for 35 days. The effects on production performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, immunologic, and pathologic measurements were evaluated. Body weight, gain, and feed consumption were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by AF and AF plus FB1 diets. The FB1 diet decreased feed consumption, and although body weight was numerically decreased, it was not statistically significant. Aflatoxin increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and total iron concentration and decreased urea nitrogen concentration and unsaturated iron-binding capacity. The FB1-alone diet increased serum GGT activity, whereas the AF plus FB1 diet increased serum aspartate transaminase, cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT activities, increased RBC count, triglycerides, and total iron concentrations, and decreased unsaturated iron-binding capacity and urea nitrogen concentration. For the most part, the effects of the AF plus FB1 diet on body weight and hematologic measurements could be considered additive. However, the effect of the AF plus FB1 diet on cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities was greater than additive and was a synergistic response. One pig in the FB1-diet group and 2 pigs in the combination-diet group died. Postmortem lesions in pigs of the FB1-diet group consisted of ascites and increased liver weight. Observations at necropsy for pigs of the AF plus FB1-diet group consisted of hydrothorax, ascites, pulmonary edema, gastric erosions and ulceration, and increased liver and spleen weights. The AF diet increased relative liver weight and resulted in liver that was pale, rubbery, and resistant to cutting. Histologic lesions consisted of hepatic necrosis or degeneration, or both, with variable degrees of bile duct proliferation in barrows of the AF-diet groups. Renal tubular nephrosis was observed in barrows of the FB1-diet group, but this was not consistent in the AF plus FB1-diet group. Cell-mediated immunity, as measured by mitogen-induced lymphoblastogenic stimulation index, was decreased in barrows of the AF and FB1-diet groups, and values in barrows given the combination diet were significantly decreased from those in barrows given the single toxin diets. It was concluded that AF and FB1 (from culture material), singly or in combination, can adversely affect clinical performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, and immunologic values and induce lesions in growing barrows. For most of the variables we evaluated under our study conditions and dosages of toxins, measurements were affected more by the combination diet than by either single toxin diet, and the toxic responses could be described as additive or more than additive, particularly for induction of liver disease.
将被黄曲霉毒素（AF）污染和被伏马菌素B1（FB1）污染（来自串珠镰刀菌的培养物）的日粮单独或组合投喂给生长中的杂交公猪。每组6头公猪（每组3个重复，每个重复2头；平均体重17.5千克），分别投喂：每千克饲料含0毫克AF和0毫克FB1（对照）；每千克饲料含2.5毫克AF；每千克饲料含100毫克FB1；或每千克饲料含2.5毫克AF加100毫克FB1，持续35天。评估其对生产性能、血清生化、血液学、免疫学和病理学指标的影响。AF日粮以及AF加FB1日粮显著（P<0.05）降低了体重、增重和采食量。FB1日粮降低了采食量，虽然体重在数值上有所下降，但差异无统计学意义。黄曲霉毒素增加了血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）活性和总铁浓度，降低了尿素氮浓度和不饱和铁结合能力。单独的FB1日粮增加了血清GGT活性，而AF加FB1日粮增加了血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、胆碱酯酶、碱性磷酸酶和GGT活性，增加了红细胞计数、甘油三酯和总铁浓度，降低了不饱和铁结合能力和尿素氮浓度。在很大程度上，AF加FB1日粮对体重和血液学指标的影响可认为是相加的。然而，AF加FB1日粮对胆碱酯酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响大于相加作用，属于协同反应。FB1日粮组有1头猪死亡，组合日粮组有2头猪死亡。FB1日粮组猪的尸检病变包括腹水和肝脏重量增加。AF加FB1日粮组猪的尸检观察结果包括胸腔积液、腹水、肺水肿、胃糜烂和溃疡，以及肝脏和脾脏重量增加。AF日粮增加了肝脏相对重量，导致肝脏颜色苍白、质地似橡胶且难以切割。组织学病变包括肝坏死或变性，或两者皆有，AF日粮组公猪胆管增生程度不一。FB1日粮组公猪出现肾小管肾病，但在AF加FB1日粮组中并不一致。用丝裂原诱导的淋巴细胞增殖刺激指数衡量的细胞介导免疫，在AF和FB1日粮组公猪中降低，且组合日粮组公猪的值显著低于单毒素日粮组公猪。得出的结论是，AF和FB1（来自培养物）单独或组合使用，均可对生长中的公猪的临床性能、血清生化、血液学和免疫学指标产生不利影响，并诱导病变。在我们的研究条件和毒素剂量下，对于我们评估的大多数变量，组合日粮比单毒素日粮对指标的影响更大，且毒性反应可描述为相加或大于相加，特别是对肝脏疾病的诱导。
