Goldin-Meadow S, McNeill D, Singleton J
Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637. sgsg/midway.uchicago.edu
Psychol Rev. 1996 Jan;103(1):34-55. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.34.
Grammatical properties are found in conventional sign languages of the deaf and in unconventional gesture systems created by deaf children lacking language models. However, they do not arise in spontaneous gestures produced along with speech. The authors propose a model explaining when the manual modality will assume grammatical properties and when it will not. The model argues that two grammatical features, segmentation and hierarchical combination, appear in all settings in which one human communicates symbolically with another. These properties are preferentially assumed by speech whenever words are spoken, constraining the manual modality to a global form. However, when the manual modality must carry the full burden of communication, it is freed from the global form it assumes when integrated with speech--only to be constrained by the task of symbolic communication to take on the grammatical properties of segmentation and hierarchical combination.
语法特性存在于聋人的传统手语以及缺乏语言模型的聋童创造的非传统手势系统中。然而，它们不会出现在伴随言语产生的自发手势中。作者提出了一个模型，解释了手动方式何时会呈现语法特性，何时不会。该模型认为，两个语法特征，即切分和层次组合，出现在一个人与另一个人进行符号交流的所有情境中。每当说话时，这些特性会优先由言语承担，从而将手动方式限制为一种整体形式。然而，当手动方式必须承担全部交流负担时，它就会从与言语整合时所呈现的整体形式中解放出来——只是会受到符号交流任务的限制，从而呈现出切分和层次组合的语法特性。
